Budewa: Menene A Kyamara?
budewa yana da mahimmanci kamara fasalin da ke shafar adadin hasken da ya isa firikwensin kamara a cikin abin da aka bayar. Shi ne budewa a cikin ruwan tabarau wanda ke ƙayyade yawan hasken da aka bari ya wuce kuma zai shafi kaifi na hoton.
Budewa kuma yana shafar girman yankin da aka fi maida hankali akai. Ga kowane abin da aka ba da shi, ƙaramin buɗaɗɗen buɗewa zai haifar da babban yanki a cikin mayar da hankali yayin da buɗaɗɗe mafi girma zai haifar da ƙaramin yanki a hankali.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna abin da aperture yake da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da shi don cimma kyakkyawan sakamakon daukar hoto:
A cikin wannan sakon za mu rufe:
Ma'anar Budewa
budewa saitin ne akan kyamarori masu ɗaukar hoto wanda ke sarrafa girman buɗewar ruwan tabarau, ko iris. Yana ƙayyade yawan hasken da zai wuce don isa ga firikwensin hoton. Girman buɗewa yawanci ana bayyana shi a ciki f-tsayawa, kuma yana iya kewayo daga ƙananan dabi'u (faɗin buɗewa) zuwa manyan ƙima (ƙaramin buɗewa).
Ta hanyar canza buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido, zaku iya sarrafa ba kawai bayyanar ku ba har ma da naku zurfin filin - nawa hotonku zai kasance cikin mayar da hankali. Ƙimar buɗewa mafi girma tana nufin ƙarancin hotonku zai kasance cikin mayar da hankali, yana mai da shi blurrier da ƙirƙirar sakamako mai kama da mafarki. Ƙananan buɗe ido suna haifar da zurfin filin, yin komai a mayar da hankali - manufa don shimfidar wurare da harbin rukuni.
Yadda Buɗaɗɗiya ke Shafar Bayyanawa
budewa budewa ne mai daidaitacce a cikin ruwan tabarau wanda ke ba da damar haske ya wuce kuma ya isa firikwensin hoton kyamara. Ana iya canza girman wannan buɗewa don sarrafa adadin hasken da ke shiga cikin ruwan tabarau. Wannan iko yana bawa masu daukar hoto damar daidaitawa fallasa, ko haske, na hotunansu a yanayi daban-daban na haske.
Lokacin da haske ya shiga cikin ruwan tabarau, yana wucewa ta hanyar budewa mai daidaitacce, wanda ya ƙunshi zobe tare da ruwan wukake masu yawa waɗanda ke haifar da buɗewa. Wuraren na iya buɗewa ko rufe dangane da yawan hasken da ake buƙata don fitowar da ta dace. An fi sanin wannan da girman buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido kuma ana auna shi a ciki f-tsayawa – ƙimar lamba wacce yawanci ke tsakanin f/1.4 da f/22 saboda mafi yawan ruwan tabarau. Babban buɗaɗɗen buɗewa yana nufin ƙarin haske zai shiga kamara, yana haifar da hoto mai haske; akasin haka, tare da ƙaramin buɗe ido, ƙarancin haske zai shigar da kyamarar ku wanda zai haifar da hoto mai duhu.
Yin amfani da f-stop daban-daban kuma zai shafi sauran sassan bayyanar hoto. Girman buɗe ido mafi girma (ƙasa f-tsaya) na iya haifar da zurfin zurfin filin tare da haɓaka blurriness na baya da ingancin bokeh; yayin amfani da ƙananan buɗaɗɗen buɗewa (mafi girma f-stop) zai ƙara zurfin-filin yayin da rage blurriness na baya da halayen bokeh a cikin hotuna.
Ana samun saitunan buɗewa akan mafi yawan kyamarori na dijital a yau, duka nau'ikan nuni da harbi gami da ingantattun kyamarori na DSLR tare da ruwan tabarau masu musanyawa. Sanin yadda ake daidaita saitin sa da kyau yana tabbatar da mafi kyawun matakan fallasa don nau'ikan hotuna daban-daban!
Fahimtar Darajojin Buɗewa
Budewa na kamara shine buɗewa a cikin ruwan tabarau wanda ke ba da damar haske ya wuce ta kuma isa ga firikwensin hoto. Ana auna buɗaɗɗen ciki f-lambobi, wanda sakamakon sakamakon tsayin daka da girman budewar ruwan tabarau.
Farawa da naku allunan labarin motsi na tsayawa
Biyan kuɗi zuwa wasiƙarmu kuma sami zazzagewarku kyauta tare da allunan labarai uku. Fara da kawo labaran ku da rai!
Za mu yi amfani da adireshin imel ɗin ku kawai don wasiƙun labarai kuma mu girmama ku tsare sirri
Sanin yadda ake daidaita ƙimar buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen abu ne mai mahimmanci wajen ɗaukar hotuna masu ban mamaki, don haka bari mu ɗan duba. buɗaɗɗen dabi'u da yadda suke aiki.
F-Stops da T-Stops
Ma'auni na gama-gari don auna adadin hasken da ruwan tabarau ke bari ta hanyar da aka sani da shi f tsayawa or f-lambobi. F tasha sun dogara ne akan a rabo, wanda ke bayyana yawan hasken da ruwan tabarau ke watsawa. Budewa tare da manyan lambobin tsayawa f sun dace da ruwan tabarau tare da ƙananan ruwan tabarau, waɗanda ke ba da haske kaɗan. Misali, budewar F / 2.8 bari in sau biyu fiye da haske a matsayin budewa na F / 4.
Ana amfani da wannan dabara don ƙididdigewa t-tsayawa, amma akwai mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin su da f-staps wanda ya kamata a tuna da su lokacin harbi tare da kyamarori masu sana'a. Kodayake ƙimar da aka bayyana na iya zama iri ɗaya (misali, F / 2 da kuma T2), t-tsayawa suna auna ainihin watsawa yayin da f-stop yana auna haske dangane da girman ɗalibin ƙofar.
A wasu kalmomi, duk sauran abubuwa daidai suke, ruwan tabarau ya tsaya zuwa f / 2 zai bari a ƙasa da haske fiye da a t/2 saboda wasu asara tsakanin firikwensin da kuma inda kuka tantance ƙimar fiddawa - yawanci a ƙofar ɗalibin ruwan tabarau. Bugu da ƙari, idan kun mayar da hankali kan takamaiman ruwan tabarau zuwa rashin iyaka a duka saitunan t da f-stop za ku gani game da su. Bambancin 1/3 EV (tasha 1) Tsakanin su saboda asarar da tunani na ciki ya haifar a mafi yawan zuƙowa na kusurwa lokacin da suke tsayawa daga buɗewa - don haka ba duk ruwan tabarau ba ne za su yi hali iri ɗaya a nan ko!
Rang
budewa saitin daidaitacce ne a cikin kyamarori na dijital wanda ke sarrafa girman buɗewar diaphragm na ruwan tabarau. Ana yawan kiransa da "f-tsaya” ko rabo mai mahimmanci, kuma ana wakilta shi da jerin f-lambobi kamar f/2.8, f/5.6 da sauransu. Wannan kewayon, kuma aka sani da an kewayon budewa, yana nufin mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi girman buɗewar ruwan tabarau da ake samu akan takamaiman kamara.
Gabaɗaya magana, ƙananan buɗe ido zai haifar da buɗewar ruwan tabarau mai girma, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin haske ta kama firikwensin a kowane lokaci. Wannan yana da manyan abubuwa guda biyu:
- Hotuna masu haske tare da ƙarancin ƙara
- Zurfin zurfin filin wanda ke taimakawa jawo hankali ga babban batun
Ƙimar ƙananan buɗaɗɗen da aka fi amfani da ita sun haɗa da f/1.4 da f/2.8 don ruwan tabarau masu haske waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin haske don ingantaccen aiki. Maɗaukakin ƙididdiga kamar f/11 ko f/16 yawanci ana amfani da su tare da ruwan tabarau masu hankali waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin haske a kowane lokaci don ɗaukar hotuna masu tsabta ba tare da hayaniya da yawa ba ko ingancin hatsi a mafi girman saitunan ISO.
A taƙaice, fahimta Rang ya haɗa da fahimtar dangantakarta tsakanin saitunan hankali na ISO da matakan haske - ƙananan ƙimar buɗewa suna samar da hotuna masu haske yayin da ƙimar buɗewa mafi girma na iya taimakawa ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto gaba ɗaya yayin da ke bayyana bayanan baya lokacin da ake buƙatar harbin filin filin.
Budewa da Zurfin Filin
budewa saitin ne akan ruwan tabarau na kamara wanda ke shafar bayyanar hotonku. Hakanan kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi don samun ainihin hoton da kuke so. Ta hanyar canza buɗewa, zaku iya sarrafa adadin hasken da ke shiga cikin ruwan tabarau, da kuma zurfin filin.
Wannan labarin zai bincika amfanin budewa da kuma yadda yake shafar zurfin filin.
Zurfin Filin Shallow
Zurfin filin shine sakamakon a babban budewar saitin. Ta hanyar haɓaka girman buɗewar ku (ƙaramin f-lambar), ƙarancin hotonku zai kasance cikin mayar da hankali, yana haifar da zurfin filin. Zurfin zurfin filin shine yawanci tasirin da ake so don hotuna, ɗaukar hoto da kuma hotuna masu faɗin wuri inda kuke son raba batunku daga bangon su ko gabansu. Yana ƙara wasan kwaikwayo ga hoto kuma ana iya amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban sha'awa idan aka yi amfani da su daidai.
Ta hanyar buɗe buɗewar ku (ƙaramin f-lambar) da amfani da a Gilashin kwakwalwa tare da nisa mai dacewa daga batun, zaku iya samun sakamako mai kyau na gaske tare da ƙananan saitunan haske kamar faɗuwar rana ko cikin gida ba tare da amfani da saitunan ISO mafi girma ba. Hakanan ya kamata ku yi amfani da filasha ɗaya ko biyu na waje ko kayan aikin hasken wuta don kamala kaifi da samun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun neman hotunanku. Haɗin kai mafi girma apertures (f/2.8 - f/4) tare da gajeriyar tsayi mai tsayi (14mm - 50mm) lokacin ɗaukar hotuna a ƙananan saitunan haske yawanci yana aiki da kyau!
Zurfin Filin
Zurfin filin yana faruwa lokacin da abubuwa da yawa ke kan mayar da hankali a cikin hoton. Lokacin yin harbi tare da zurfin filin, yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da babban saitin buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido da taƙaita hankalin ku zuwa bango da gaban hoton. Don cimma wannan, kuna buƙatar saita buɗewar kyamarar ku zuwa mafi ƙarancin saitinsa. Ta yin haka, hasken da ke shiga ruwan tabarau na iya ƙara takurawa, yana ƙara zurfin filin gabaɗaya.
An ƙayyade zurfin filin ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwa kamar rufe tsayin tsayi da tsayin ruwan tabarau - dukansu suna da haɗin kai. Lokacin harbi da ruwan tabarau mai faɗin kusurwa (inda haske ke shiga cikin 'yanci kuma yana samar da zurfin zurfi), Yin amfani da saurin rufewa a hankali yayin zuƙowa waje da mai da hankali kan abubuwa masu nisa zai haifar da zurfin zurfin filin da aka kama. Hakanan, lokacin harbi da ruwan tabarau na telephoto (inda ƙananan haske ke shiga) a saurin rufewa da sauri zai ƙara mayar da hankali ga abubuwa kusa da abin da ke haifar da zurfin zurfin kama.
Budewa da Motsin Motsi
budewa yana daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin kyamara. Wani rami ne a cikin ruwan tabarau wanda ke sarrafa adadin hasken da ruwan tabarau ke bari a ciki. Buɗewa kuma yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan zurfin filin, wanda shine yanki na hoton da aka mayar da hankali. Bugu da ƙari, budewa kuma yana taka rawa a cikin adadin motsi blur gabatar a hoto.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu dubi alakar da ke tsakanin budewa da motsin motsi.
Saurin budewa
A saurin budewa Lens ne mai buɗe ido mai faɗi wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin haske don shigar da firikwensin kyamara yayin ɗaukar hotuna ko bidiyo. Faɗin buɗewa, ana iya amfani da saurin rufewa da sauri, wanda ke da fa'ida don ɗaukar batutuwa masu motsi. Hakanan yana rage buƙatar hasken wucin gadi a wasu yanayi. A wasu kalmomi, ruwan tabarau mai sauri zai ba ku damar ɗaukar hotuna a cikin ƙananan haske ba tare da blur ko hayaniya ba saboda jinkirin saurin rufewa ko babban saitunan ISO.
Sau da yawa ana kiran buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido manyan apertures or ƙananan f-lambobi (yawanci f / 2.8 ko ƙasa da haka). Babban buɗaɗɗen buɗewa yana ba da zurfin filin filin, wanda ke ba ku damar ɓata bayanan baya da ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban sha'awa. Lokacin harbi shimfidar wurare da gine-gine, samun ruwan tabarau mai faɗin kusurwa tare da ƙananan f-lambobi suna ƙara zama mahimmanci tunda suna iya ba da ƙarin haske yayin kiyaye daidai yankin abun da ke cikin kaifi.
Girman buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen, ɗan gajeren lokacin bayyanarku na iya kasancewa lokacin ɗaukar hoto abubuwa masu motsi (misali, motoci) ko guje wa girgiza kamara (misali, hotunan dare na hannu). Tare da ruwan tabarau mai sauri kamar f/ 1.4, masu daukar hoto za su iya dogara da zurfin zurfin sarrafa filin tare da haske na halitta don ƙirƙirar hotuna ba tare da motsin motsi yana lalata abubuwan da suka haɗa ba-cikakke don daukar hoto na dare da wuraren birane!
Slow Buɗewa
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na jinkirin buɗe ido motsi blur. Ta hanyar rage girman buɗaɗɗen buɗewa, ana ba da ƙarin lokaci don haske ya wuce ta cikin ruwan tabarau, ta yadda zai sauƙaƙa ɗaukar motsi da sanya shi zama kamar blur mai fasaha. Lokacin harbi wani batu mai sauri, saita buɗewar ƴan tasha a hankali zai ɗauki motsin sa kai tsaye cikin hotuna da yawa akan lokaci kuma yana haifar da motsi blur.
Yayin da saurin rufewa a hankali yana iya daskare motsi, yin amfani da jinkirin buɗewa yana taimakawa ƙirƙirar lokacin bayyanarwa mai tsayi ba tare da ƙara ISO ba ko rage saurin rufewa. Don haka, zaku iya aiki cikin sauƙi a kusa da kowane yanayi mara ƙarfi wanda zai iya buƙatar ko dai ɗaya ko duka waɗannan gyare-gyare.
A saman wannan, rage girman buɗewa yana ba da mafi girma zurfin filin (wanda kuma ake kira baya), ba ka damar ware batunka daga kewayensa kuma ka mai da hankali kan abin da kake son nunawa a hotonka. An yi amfani da wannan tasirin shekaru goma bayan shekaru goma a cikin daukar hoto; alal misali, ɓata wasu bayanai ko mutanen da ƙila za su shagaltu da ainihin ra'ayinku ta hanyar sanya su ba tare da sani ba a cikin abun da ke ciki zai taimaka mayar da hankali kan babban fasalin ku da haɓaka mahimmancinsa ga masu kallo.
Budewa da Ƙananan Haske
budewa yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan hotunan da aka ɗauka a cikin ƙananan haske. A cikin daukar hoto, wannan yana nufin girman rami na ruwan tabarau wanda ke sarrafa adadin hasken da ke shiga firikwensin kamara. A ya fi girma budewa yana ba da ƙarin haske a ciki, yana haifar da hoto mai haske. A ƙaramin buɗewa yana ba da damar ƙarancin haske a ciki, kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci don samar da hoto mai haske. Wannan na iya taimakawa musamman a ciki ƙananan haske al'amuran.
Lightaramar ɗaukar hoto
Lokacin daukar hoto a cikin ƙananan haske, fahimtar siffar mazugi da saitunan budewa yana da mahimmanci. Budewa shine girman buɗewa a cikin diaphragm na ruwan tabarau na kamara don haka adadin hasken da aka kama. Apertures sun fito daga F2 zuwa F16 da kowane gyare-gyare na juzu'i a tsakanin, dangane da ƙirar kyamara.
Idan yanayin daukar hoto yana buƙatar ƙarin daki-daki ko bambanci, sannan zaɓi ƙaramin buɗe ido -- rufewa ko rage buɗewar ruwan tabarau –- wajibi ne. Karamin girman buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen haske yana daidaita madaidaicin adadin haske zuwa firikwensin kamara wanda ke kaiwa ga hotuna masu kaifi a cikin ƙananan yanayin haske.
Ƙarin ƙwararrun masu daukar hoto suna sha'awar tunawa da saitunan buɗe ido mafi girma, kamar F2, bari a cikin ƙarin haske alhãli kuwa kananan budewa masu girma dabam kamar F4 zai rage haske mai shigowa, yana sa ya ɗan ƙara wahala lokacin harbi a cikin ƙananan haske. Lokacin fuskantar duhu ko yanayin haske mara kyau koyaushe yana ƙara saurin rufewar ku da ISO maimakon canza saitunan fiddawar kyamarar ku; wannan yana kiyaye pixilation akai-akai akan hotuna yayin samar da adadi mai ban sha'awa lokacin da aka buga shi da cikakken girman -- ya fi dacewa da mujallu masu sheki da fosta!
Saitunan Buɗewa Mai Faɗi
Ma ƙananan hotuna masu haske, Faɗin buɗewa saitunan (low f/lambar) zai iya zama fa'ida ta barin ƙarin haske ya wuce ta ruwan tabarau zuwa firikwensin kamara. Faɗin buɗe ido kuma yana taimakawa rage girgiza kamara saboda dogon lokacin da ake buƙata a cikin ƙananan haske. Don cimma zurfin zurfin tasirin filin ko zaɓin mayar da hankali, ana ba da shawarar buɗe ido ko ƙananan saitunan f/lamba.
Lokacin da kuka ƙara girman buɗewar ku, girman kowane "tsayawa" akan sikelin yana raguwa kuma don haka adadin hasken da aka bari a ciki yana ƙaruwa sosai. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan kun ninka girman buɗewar ku daga f-stop zuwa wancan, kuna bari sau biyu fiye da haske a ciki tare da kowane mataki sama kuma lokacin da za ku tashi daga tasha ɗaya ƙasa kuna rage shi.
Lokacin yin harbi a cikin ƙananan haske, yana da mahimmanci a san yadda kowace tasha ke shafar fallasa da yawan hayaniya da ke haifar da kowane canjin tasha. Gabaɗaya magana, kowane cikakken tsayawa da kuka haɓaka yana da kusan sau biyu fiye da hayaniya hade da shi saboda samun ƙarin photons suna bugun firikwensin a kowane lokaci kuma don haka gabatar da ƙarin bambance-bambance a tsakanin su.
Barka dai, Ni Kim, mahaifiya ce kuma mai sha'awar tsayawa motsi tare da kwarewa a ƙirƙirar kafofin watsa labarai da haɓaka yanar gizo. Ina da sha'awar zane da raye-raye, kuma yanzu na fara nutsewa a cikin duniyar tasha-motsi. Tare da bulogi na, Ina raba abubuwan da na koya tare da ku mutane.
