Shutter: Menene A Kyamara?

da kim An sabunta: Yuni 28, 2022

Mai rufewa wani bangare ne na a kamara wanda ke sarrafa adadin hasken da aka bari ya wuce kuma ya isa fim ko firikwensin dijital.

Kayan inji ne wanda ke buɗewa da rufewa da sauri don ɗaukar firam ɗaya na hoton.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna muhimmancin rufewa, yadda yake aiki, da kuma irin nau'in fasahar rufewa wanzu:

Ma'anar Shutter

A rufe wata na'ura ce a cikin kyamara ko wani kayan aiki mai saurin haske wanda ke sarrafa adadin hasken da ke isa ga fim ko firikwensin hoto. Ya ƙunshi labule mai banƙyama wanda yana buɗewa da rufewa da sauri a kan fuskar haske-m. Lokacin buɗewa, makullin yana ba da damar haske ya shiga, kuma idan an rufe shi yana toshe duk wani haske mai shigowa. A cikin kyamarori na zamani, masu rufewa na iya zama na'ura mai sarrafawa da batir mai ƙarfi maimakon aiki da hannu.

Adadin lokacin da makullin ke buɗe zai iya bambanta gwargwadon amfaninsa. Misali, a cikin lokacin da ya fi tsayi kamar lokacin da ake ɗaukar hotunan hotuna a cikin yanayi mara kyau kamar harbin dare da sauran saitunan ƙananan haske, yana da fa'ida a buɗe murfin na dogon lokaci don ƙarin haske zai iya shiga cikin fim ɗin kyamara ko firikwensin hoto. Akasin haka, a cikin yanayi masu haske kamar ɗaukar hoto na wasanni ko ɗaukar abubuwan da ke tafiya cikin sauri, yana iya zama kyawawa a buɗe murfin na ɗan gajeren lokaci ta yadda za a ɗauki guntu na daƙiƙa guda kawai kuma babu motsi ya bayyana akan sakamakon hoton.

Gudun shutter ma'auni ne a cikin juzu'i na daƙiƙa wanda zai iya zuwa daga 1/4000th (ko mafi girma) har zuwa mintuna da yawa ya danganta da iyawar samfurin kyamarar ku. Ana amfani da lokutan sannu a hankali lokacin da kuke buƙatar ƙarin haske; saurin gudu zai daskare motsi don haka zaku iya ɗaukar mataki mai sauri ba tare da blurness ba.

Nau'in Rubutu

The rufe wani bangare ne na kowane kyamara kuma babban manufarsa shine sarrafa adadin hasken da ake buƙata don fallasa matsakaicin hoto. Wannan na iya zama firikwensin dijital, fim ko faranti. Makullin kyamara yana daidaitawa yadda ake barin haske da sauri ya wuce ta kan matsakaicin hoto da kuma tsawon lokacin da aka bari ya zauna a can. Ana kiran wannan tsari da "lokacin bayyana” a cikin kalmomin daukar hoto. Masu rufewa suna zuwa da sifofi, girma da iri amma duk suna ba da wani nau'i na buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido wanda haske ke ratsawa ta kan matsakaicin hoto yayin lokacin bayyanar da mai daukar hoto ya saita.

Manyan gwaje-gwajen litmus guda biyu don rarraba masu rufe su ne siffar jirgin mai da hankali (labule ko motsi) da nau'in motsi (lever, spring ko lantarki).

• Rufe Jirgin Focal: Irin wannan rufewa ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na labule na bakin ciki waɗanda ke tafiya a kwance a fadin jirgin fim lokacin da aka kunna. Labule na farko yana buɗewa don ƙayyadaddun lokaci, yana ba da damar haske akan fim / firikwensin kafin a maye gurbin shi da labule na biyu wanda sannan ya rufe kansa yana kawo ƙarshen bayyanar.
• Rufe ganye: Masu rufe ganye suna da ƙanƙanta sosai a cikin ƙirarsu kuma sun ƙunshi ruwan wukake da aka shirya ƙarƙashin maƙallan tsakiya wanda aka fi sani da 'Leaves'. Ana iya buɗe waɗannan ruwan wukake ta hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki kamar batura, zoben ja da hannu ko ma guraben motsa jiki waɗanda ke tilasta su rabu lokacin da aka kunna su don haka ba da damar haske akan saman hoton don lokacin da mai ɗaukar hoto ya saita ta amfani da sarrafa injina kamar igiyoyin cire zobe ko bugun kira. akan kyamarori na zamani.
• Shutter-Driven Shutter: Na'urar da ke tafiyar da bazara ta ƙunshi sassa uku; faifan ƙarfe mai lebur a tsakiyarsa (wani shinge mai tsauri na bazara; Hannun tallafi guda biyu da aka haɗa zuwa kowane gefe; sannan daga karshe labule guda biyu wadanda suka rataya daga wadannan hannaye a gaba da bayan juna kamar budaddiyar kofofi guda biyu da aka kafa a kowane gefen diski na tsakiya (don haka sunan lakabin 'castle'). Lokacin da aka kunna, wannan diski na tsakiya yana motsawa da sauri don samar da isasshen tashin hankali don haifar da labulen / ƙofofin biyu a buɗe lokaci guda da zarar sun taɓa gefen juna yana ba su damar saki a kowane zagaye na juyawa don haka yana fallasa adadin lokacin da aka ɗauka don wannan sake zagayowar - yawanci yana farawa daga juzu'i-na biyu har zuwa daƙiƙa huɗu dangane da yadda mutum ya riga ya ɗora maɓuɓɓugan kayan adonsu a gaba - don haka kashe hasken haske kai tsaye yana tasiri akan waɗancan lokutan fallasa iri ɗaya da aka gani a sama tare da sakamako daban-daban dangane da ƙwarewar mai amfani don haka matakan ƙwarewa. don ƙwararrun masu daukar hoto ko kuma masu son zama masu amfani iri ɗaya suna gwada waɗannan nau'ikan rufewar girkin da aka samu galibi a cikin tsoffin kyamarori daga tsararraki uku da suka wuce!

Tsarin Shutter

Kamara ta rufe wani bangare ne na tsarinsa, saboda shi ke da alhakin sarrafa tsawon lokacin da firikwensin hoton ke fallasa zuwa haske. Lokacin da ka danna maɓallin rufewa, maɓallin rufewa yana buɗewa kuma yana rufewa don ba da damar haske ya wuce kuma ya kai ga firikwensin hoto, wanda ke haifar da hoton ƙarshe. Har ila yau, mai rufewa yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar motsin motsi ko daskarewa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a cikin daukar hoto.

Bari mu dubi daban-daban iri hanyoyin rufewa da yadda suke aiki:

Makarantun Rufe

Makanikai masu rufewa zo a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'a_mutumi) sun zo daga na'urorin da aka ƙirƙira kwanan nan. Mafi yawan samuwa su ne masu rufe ganye, masu rufe jirgin sama, masu rufe sassa na rotary, da kuma zobe-diks.

• Rufe Leaf – An gina murfin ganye a matsayin na'urar cikin gida tare da jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙarfe waɗanda ke buɗewa da rufewa kamar labule. Ana samun waɗannan galibi suna sarrafa buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen ruwan tabarau akan kyamarori masu saurin gani da yawa da kyamarori masu matsakaicin tsari da yawa. Suna samar da duk-ko-kowa lokutan bayyanarwa ƙasa da 1/1000 sak., yana sa su dace da batutuwa irin su hotunan wasanni ko harbin namun daji, inda lokaci ke da mahimmanci.
• Makullin Jirgin sama - Makullin jirgin sama mai da hankali yana ba da damar ko da mafi tsayin abubuwan da za a yi a kowane sauri zuwa 1/10000 sak., Tabbatar da cikakkun bayanai lokacin da lokaci ke da mahimmanci saboda motsi a wurin. Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, wannan nau'in rufewa yana nan da nan a bayan farfajiyar fim (ko firikwensin hoto) kanta inda yake buɗewa da rufewa tare da labule guda biyu suna zamewa gefe da gefe - galibi ana kiransa labule na farko ko na biyu - yana fallasa dukkan firam ɗin daidai daga. sama zuwa kasa (ko akasin haka).
• Rotary Sector Shutters - Wannan nau'in rufewa yana da faifan diski wanda ke jujjuya wuraren buɗewa guda biyu a kan kewayensa wanda ke ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da fallasa zai daɗe kafin ya sake tsayawa kai tsaye a shirye don wani harbi. Fa'idar anan ita ce wannan tsarin yana ba da abubuwan da za'a iya faɗi akan lokaci don haka yana da amfani idan ba koyaushe kuna da tabbacin tsawon lokacin da hotonku ke buƙata fiye da abin da za'a iya samu tare da daidaitawar buɗewar ruwan tabarau kaɗai.
• Ring Disk Rutter - Ring Disk Shutter yana amfani da slits masu zuwa kewaye da kewayen sa kamar na Rotary Sector amma sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar tasiri fiye da wanda ya riga su don haka yana ba da damar daidaitawa tsakanin firam ɗin idan ɗaukar hotuna masu saurin motsi ko canza yanayin hasken yanayi a ko'ina a kowane yanki da aka fallasa. duk tsawon rayuwar harbin in an buƙata. Wannan nau'in kuma yana tabbatar da cewa ba za ku taɓa samun maɗaukaki ko gibi a cikin hotonku ba tun lokacin da wani yanki ba a fallasa shi gaba ɗaya har sai ya mamaye wani kuma!

Makarantun Lantarki

A cikin kyamarori na dijital da sauran na'urorin hoto na lantarki, a tsarin rufewa ana amfani dashi don fallasa da rikodin haske akan firikwensin hoto. Ana iya aiwatar da masu rufe lantarki tare da na'urorin lantarki na yau da kullun ko azaman hadaddun taruka na inji.

Mafi mahimmancin sigar lantarki na rufewa ya ƙunshi transistor mai ɗaukar hoto wanda aka kunna ta siginar gani. Lokacin da haske ya bugi transistor, yana kunnawa, yana barin halin yanzu ya gudana ta hanyar resistor sannan zuwa ƙasa. Wannan yana kashe tsarin kuma mai ɗaukar hoto yana motsawa a ciki kafin ya saki hasken don buga firikwensin hoto.

Ana amfani da ƙarin sophisticated rufewa rawar jiki maimakon buɗewa da rufewa: Lokacin da aka kunna jijjiga, sandunan da aka ajiye akan firikwensin na'urar gani ta lantarki suna ba da damar haske ya wuce ta cikin tazara wanda ke kusan jeri-rufe. Wannan tsarin yana da arha fiye da na'urar rufewa na gargajiya kuma yana ba da damar ƙarin lokacin bayyanawa mai kyau ba tare da sadaukar da ingancin hoto ba.

Sauran kyamarori masu tsayi suna amfani ƙananan kayan aikin injiniya don ƙarin iko akan lokutan fallasa da ƙarfin kewayo mai ƙarfi. A cikin wannan tsarin, hadaddun direbobi suna sarrafa ƙananan levers waɗanda ke kunna ruwan wukake a cikin microsecond, suna ba da damar mafi kyawun iko akan tsawon lokacin haske don yin hulɗa tare da kowane pixel akan tsarar firikwensin. Ana iya ganin fa'idodin a cikin raguwar amo ko ɓarna daga dogon fallasa tare da haɓaka hankali daga masu sauri.

Fa'idodin Amfani da Shutter

Shutter wata na'ura ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin kyamarori don sarrafa tsawon lokacin da aka bari haske ya faɗi akan firikwensin hoton. Yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na kyamarar dijital wanda ta cikinsa ake ɗaukar hoton. Saurin gudu shine sau da yawa muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar hotuna masu kyau kuma kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi ga masu daukar hoto.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna fa'idodi daban-daban na amfani da shutter a cikin kyamarar dijital ku:

Gudun Shutter Mai Sauri

Saurin gudu Abu ne mai mahimmanci na kowane hoto, saboda yana ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da murfin kyamara ya kasance a buɗe don barin haske. Gudun rufewa mafi sauri yana ba masu daukar hoto damar ɗaukar hotuna masu haske a cikin ƙaramin haske, yadda ya kamata motsi mai daskarewa da cikakken bayani.

Tare da saurin rufewa, masu daukar hoto za su iya ɗaukar hotuna na aiki da daskare motsi don samar da ƙwaƙƙwaran hotuna masu haske ba tare da blush ba. Gudun shutter kuma yana ba masu daukar hoto ƙarin ikon sarrafawa, yana ba da damar samun hotuna masu ƙarfi da ban mamaki inda za a iya amfani da saurin rufewa azaman ingantaccen kayan aiki don ba da labari.

Wasu daga cikin yanayin da saurin rufewa ke da fa'ida sun haɗa da:

• Kama wasanni na waje kamar hawan dutse, hawan igiyar ruwa ko kayak
• Hoton dabba, musamman tsuntsaye a cikin jirgin
• Ƙoƙarin kama ɗigon ruwa tare da ban sha'awa fashewa
• Hotunan abubuwan hawa masu motsi ba tare da motsin motsi ba, kamar motoci akan hanyar tsere

Ɗaukar matakan gaggawa na buƙatar kwanciyar hankali daga batun ku; idan sun motsa a lokacin da ake daukar hoton to zai yi duhu saboda ba su daskare a lokacin da aka dauki hoton ba. Masu wasa a cikin wasanni na iya buƙatar ci gaba har sai bayan kun ɗauki harbin ku; Yin amfani da saurin rufewa da sauri zai tabbatar da cewa ko da ƙaramin motsi ba zai lalata hotunanku ba.

Ingantacciyar Gudanar da Haske

Shutter yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci kuma madaidaicin fasali a cikin kyamarori a yau. Na'ura ce da ke sarrafa tsawon lokacin da hasken ya bugi firikwensin hoto yayin ɗaukar hotuna. Amfani da rufewa yana haɓaka fitowar kowane hoto na ƙarshe kuma yana ba da ƴancin keɓantacce ga masu ɗaukar hoto.

Amfani da rufewa a cikin daukar hoto yana ba da mafi kyawun iko akan haske lokacin harbi hoto. Tare da rufewa zaka iya sarrafa saituna kamar mai saurin rufewa, adadin hotunan da aka ɗauka a sakan daya (ƙididdigar firam) da kuma tsawon daukan hotuna don cimma daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin samuwan haske da haske daga strobes ko walƙiya. Ana amfani da saurin shutter, alal misali, don canza yadda sauri ko a hankali fim ɗin ko firikwensin dijital ke fallasa ga haske. Matsakaicin saurin rufewa yana ba da ƙarin lokaci don yanayi lighting tushe don fallasa hotuna da kyau, ba da izinin inuwa mai zurfi da kuma fallasa launuka masu kyau; Ana iya amfani da saurin rufewa da sauri tare da samun haske kaɗan idan ana amfani da na'urori masu walƙiya lokaci guda.

Wasu fa'idodi iri-iri suna zuwa tare da amfani da fasalin rufewar kamara. Masu daukar hoto suna da ƙarin iko akan ɗaukar abubuwa masu motsi, suna barin bayan sawu mara kyau waɗanda ke ƙara ma'anar wasan kwaikwayo ko aiki yayin nazarin hoto daga baya; Hakanan za su iya amfani da fa'ida ta musamman kamar tauraro tace akan su ruwan tabarau ta hanyar ɗaukar dogon bayyanuwa waɗanda ke nuna fitattun taurari masu kaifi a bayan sararin sama mai haske; har ma suna iya kasancewa a cikin nasu harbi idan sun zaɓi godiya ga wannan fasalin kuma! A ƙarshe, mafi kyawun iko akan hasken wucin gadi da na halitta (ciki har da sarrafa walƙiya), tare da ɗimbin yancin ƙirƙira wasu fa'idodin da aka samu ta amfani da dabarun rufewa don kowane hoto da aka ɗauka.

Rashin Amfani da Shutter

Shutter wata hanya ce da ke sarrafa tsawon lokacin bayyanar da ruwan tabarau na kamara zuwa haske. The mai saurin rufewa yana ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da za a fallasa hoto, wanda hakan ke shafar sakamakon hoton. Ko da yake rufewa na iya zama hanya mai tasiri don daidaita fallasa, akwai wasu rashin amfani wanda ya kamata a yi la'akari lokacin amfani da shutter a cikin kyamara. Bari mu kalli wadancan illolin.

Surutu

Lokacin amfani da rufewa, ɗayan manyan abubuwan damuwa shine karar murya. Wannan hayaniyar na iya rushe zaman hoto cikin sauƙi ko lalata duk wani ƙoƙari na ɗaukar hoto na gaskiya. Hakanan, lokacin harbi a cikin gida tare da walƙiya, ƙarar ƙarar sautin da ke haifar da ko da jinkirin rufewa na iya zama matsala da jan hankali. Wasu kyamarori suna zuwa da wani yanayin rufe lantarki wanda ke kawar da wannan matsala; duk da haka, ba duk kyamarori ke da irin wannan nau'in rufewa ba kuma masu amfani ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su yi amfani da su na yau da kullum injin rufewa.

Bugu da ƙari, tunda yawancin kyamarori na SLR suna da madubi na ciki wanda ke jujjuya sama lokacin da aka danna maɓallin rufewa, akwai kuma mahimmanci girgiza kamara wanda zai iya lalata wasu hotuna idan an harbe su da saurin rufewa. Don guje wa girgiza kamara a cikin ƙananan haske ko lokacin amfani da ruwan tabarau na telephoto, ƙila za ku buƙaci saka hannun jari a cikin tripod kuma kuyi amfani da su. abubuwan jan hankali na nesa duk lokacin da zai yiwu.

A ƙarshe, wasu injin rufewa suna ya fi sauran shuru kuma rashin wannan fasalin na iya haifar da babbar matsala ga masu daukar hoto waɗanda ke buƙatar kasancewa masu sata yayin ɗaukar hotuna da bidiyo.

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Babban rashin amfani da abin rufewa a cikin kyamarori shine kudin da ke hade da siyan shi. Makullin kamara haɗe-haɗe ne na kamara kuma yana canza yadda ake ɗaukar hotuna ta hanyar barin haske ya wuce ta wurin da aka ƙayyade a cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci.

Idan ana buƙatar maye gurbin rufewa, to yana iya zama tsada har da m saboda yawancin masu rufe kyamara dole ne a maye gurbinsu da kwararrun kwararru. Bugu da ƙari, dangane da ƙira da samfurin ruwan tabarau na kamara, ƙila za ku buƙaci siya kayan aiki na musamman ko zoben adaftan domin shigar da sabon taron rufewa.

Kammalawa

A ƙarshe, fahimtar ainihin abubuwan rufewa da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi na iya taimaka muku ɗaukar hotonku zuwa mataki na gaba. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa saurin rufewa da budewa zai zama manyan saituna guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa fallasa, kuma mai saurin rufewa yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin ɗaukar aiki.

Daidaita waɗannan saitunan zai shafi bangarori daban-daban na hotunanku da sarrafa su a bayan samarwa na iya ƙara haɓaka hotunanku. Yayin da kuke samun ƙarin ƙwarewa wajen amfani da fasalulluka daban-daban na kamarar ku, zaku iya ci gaba da yin gwaji da daban-daban saurin rufewa da buɗewa don nemo abin da ya fi dacewa ga kowane hoto.

Barka dai, Ni Kim, mahaifiya ce kuma mai sha'awar tsayawa motsi tare da kwarewa a ƙirƙirar kafofin watsa labarai da haɓaka yanar gizo. Ina da sha'awar zane da raye-raye, kuma yanzu na fara nutsewa a cikin duniyar tasha-motsi. Tare da bulogi na, Ina raba abubuwan da na koya tare da ku mutane.