IRE: Ndi Chiyani Pakuyesa Kwa Makanema Ophatikizika?

pa kim Zasinthidwa: June 29, 2022

Intereventrectangularity (IRE) ndi muyeso wa kuwala kwapakanema kwa chizindikiro cha kanema, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makanema apakanema.

Amayezedwa m'mayunitsi otchedwa IREs, omwe ndi sikelo ya 0-100, 0 kukhala yakuda kwambiri ndi 100 kukhala yowala kwambiri.

IRE yalandiridwa kwambiri ndi owulutsa ambiri ndi akatswiri opanga makanema ngati njira yoyezera ndikuwongolera kuwala kwa kanema.

M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za IRE ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito poyezera mavidiyo apakanema.

Tanthauzo la IRE

IRE imayimira "Institute of Radio Engineers." Ndi makulitsidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera makanema apakanema, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa mulingo wa "wakuda" komanso mulingo woyera pachimake (m'machitidwe aku America) kapena milingo yoyera ndi yakuda kwambiri (mu European and other standards). Mtengowu umawonetsedwa mu mayunitsi a IRE pa oscilloscope, pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yoyambira 0 IRE (yakuda) mpaka 100 IRE (yoyera).

Mawu akuti IRE adachokera kwa mainjiniya ku RCA m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndipo adakhazikika pakati pa mainjiniya apawayilesi pakuwongolera ma siginecha amakanema. Kuyambira pamenepo idalandiridwa ndi mabungwe angapo apadziko lonse lapansi, kukhala muyeso wovomerezeka pamlingo wa sikani yapa TV komanso kuya kwa kusinthasintha. Popeza wopanga aliyense amayesa zida zawo mosiyanasiyana, pogwira ntchito pamakina angapo ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyanazi ndikuzisintha moyenera kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito moyenera.

Mbiri ya IRE

IRE (yotchedwa 'eye-rayhee') imayimira Institution of Radio Engineers ndipo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1912 ngati gulu la akatswiri opanga ma wailesi. IRE idakhazikitsa mulingo wamasigino amakanema ophatikizika okhudza kuyeza matanthauzidwe akuda ndi oyera pamagetsi amagetsi omwe amawonetsedwa pazida zowonetsera zithunzi.

IRE yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro zamakanema, monga; NTSC, PAL, SECAM, HDMI ndi DVI. NTSC imagwiritsa ntchito kutanthauzira kosiyana kwa IRE kuposa machitidwe ena, pogwiritsa ntchito 7.5 IRE pamlingo wakuda m'malo mwa 0 IRE yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mfundo zina zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyerekeza machitidwe awiriwa.

PAL amagwiritsa ntchito 0 IRE pamlingo wakuda ndi 100 IRE pamlingo woyera womwe umalola kuti ufananize mosavuta ndi machitidwe ena amtundu monga NTSC ndi SECAM. Zizindikiro zamtundu wapamwamba monga HDMI ndi DVI zimagwiritsa ntchito matanthauzidwe apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi mitundu yozama monga 16-235 kapena 16-240 yomwe imatanthauzidwa ndi HDMI 2.0a yomwe ili ndi miyeso ya 230 kapena 240 motsatira 16 yomwe imatanthawuza zakuda pamene 256 imatanthawuza mulingo woyera mofanana.

Zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zikusintha kupita kumitundu ya digito monga HDMI yomwe imagwira bwino ndi phokoso ladera koma imafuna kusanja koyenera chifukwa ngakhale mawonekedwe a digito amafunikira kulumikizana kolondola pakati pa ma siginecha olowera monga osewera ma DVD, osewera a Blu-ray kapena ma consoles amasewera omwe angakhale ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi wina ndi mzake pokhudzana ndi zotulukapo zomwe zimapangidwa mogwirizana ndi zosintha zomwe zasinthidwa kuchokera kumawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito monga kuwala kapena kusiyanitsa pa TV yokha.

Kodi IRE ndi Chiyani?

IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) ndi chidule chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokambirana zamagulu amakanema. Ndi muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kusiyana, mtundu, ndi kuwala kwa siginecha ya kanema, komanso kuchuluka kwa mawu. IRE imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kudziwa mavidiyo apakanema ndi miyeso mu domain la analogi. Tiyeni tiwone bwino za IRE ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana.

Kodi IRE Imagwiritsidwa Ntchito Motani mu Zizindikiro Zamavidiyo?

IRE, kapena Inverse Relative Exposure, ndi muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira matalikidwe a chizindikiro cha kanema. IRE imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri popanga kanema wawayilesi ndikuwulutsa pawailesi poyesa ma siginecha apakanema. Nthawi zambiri amayezedwa kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 100 pa sikelo.

Dongosolo la kuyeza kwa IRE kumatengera momwe diso limawonera kuwala ndi mtundu-monga momwe kutentha kwamitundu kumagwiritsira ntchito pofotokozera kuwala koyera. Pazizindikiro zamakanema, 0 IRE imawonetsa kuti palibe magetsi amakanema ndipo 100 IRE imawonetsa voteji yotheka (makamaka, chithunzi choyera).

Poyesa milingo yowala, opanga zamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito masikelo osiyanasiyana monga ma nits a LED backlit televizioni kapena lamberts zowunikira wamba ngati malo owonetsera kanema. Komabe, masikelo awa amatengera makandulo pa lalikulu mita (cd/m²). M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito cd/m² ngati mphamvu yamphamvu yowunikira zambiri, ma siginecha a analogi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito IRE ngati gawo lake pakukweza voteji kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za NTSC kapena PAL.

Makhalidwe a IRE amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani owulutsa; akatswiri opanga mawayilesi amawadalira akamayesa zida zomwe zimajambula kapena kuwulutsa makanema apakanema monga makamera ndi ma TV. Nthawi zambiri, mainjiniya owulutsa amagwiritsa ntchito manambala pakati pa 0-100 posintha / kusintha ma audio ndi makanema panthawi yojambula ndi kuwulutsa.

Kodi IRE Imayesedwa Bwanji?

IRE imayimira Institute of Radio Engineers ndipo ndiye muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera ma siginecha apakanema. Imayezedwa mu ma millivolts (mV) kuchokera ku 0 mV mpaka 100 mV, kutanthauza kusiyanasiyana komwe ma siginecha apakanema ayenera kugwera kuti agwire bwino ntchito.

IRE imachokera ku -40 mpaka 120 mkati mwa kanema aliyense ndipo mndandanda wonsewo umagawidwa m'magawo ndi mfundo zotchedwa IRE points. Zizindikirozi zimayesedwa kuchokera ku 0 IRE (wakuda) mpaka 100 IRE (yoyera).

0 IRE ndiye mtengo weniweni wakuda weniweni ndipo imagwirizana ndi pafupifupi 7.5 mV peak-to-peak matalikidwe pa siginecha wamba ya NTSC kapena ndi 1 V peak-to-peak amplitude pa siginecha ya PAL.

100IRE imayimira 100% yoyera, yomwe ili yofanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 70 mV pamwamba pa chizindikiro cha NTSC ndi 1 Volt pamwamba pa chizindikiro cha PAL; pamene 40 IRE pansi wakuda mlingo (-40IRE) pa 300 mV pachimake-to-pachimake pa NTSC chizindikiro kapena 4 Vand 50% imvi limafanana 35IRE (35% digito zonse sikelo).

Miyezo imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mfundo poyesa milingo yosiyanasiyana mkati mwa chithunzi, monga kuwala konse kapena zowongolera zosiyanitsa zithunzi, luma kapena chroma phindu kapena magawo ndi zoikamo zina monga milingo yapansi pomwe ikuyenera.

Mitundu ya IRE

Muyezo wa IRE umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa matalikidwe a kanema wamtundu wa analogi. Imayimira "instantaneous reference electrode" ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pawailesi yakanema. Zikafika ku IRE, pali mitundu ingapo yomwe siginecha imatha kugawidwa, kuyambira mayunitsi a IRE mpaka mayunitsi a NTSC ndi PAL IRE. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyeso ya IRE ndi kusiyana kwake.

IRE 0

IRE (yotchedwa "eye-reel") imayimira Institute of Radio Engineers, yomwe ndi gawo la muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro cha kanema. IRE imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera mavidiyo ophatikizika.
Sikelo ya IRE imawerengedwa kuyambira 0 mpaka 100 ndipo nambala iliyonse imayimira kuchuluka kwa ma volts. Kuwerenga kwa IRE 0 sikuyimira mphamvu yamagetsi konse pomwe kuwerengera kwa IRE 100 kungayimira 1 volt kapena 100 peresenti yowunikira mulingo wofananira ndi mulingo wopanda kanthu. Kuonjezera apo, mtengo wa 65 IRE ndi wofanana ndi 735 millivolts (mV) kapena ziro decibels zotchulidwa ku volt peak-to-peak (dBV).

Mitundu itatu yayikulu ya IRE ndi:
-IRE 0: Osayimira voteji wachibale, muyeso wamtunduwu ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera overscan ndi underscan pazithunzi zojambulidwa.
-IRE 15: Kuyimira pafupifupi 25 millivolts (mV), imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kutsekera kwa khonde lakumbuyo ndikukhazikitsa ma siginecha owulutsa.
-IRE 7.5 / 75%: Kuyimira pafupifupi AGC (Automatic Gain Control) mlingo; muyeso wamtunduwu umasonyeza kuwala pakati pa magawo amithunzi mkati mwa chimango ndi mbali zowonekera kunja kwa chimango.

IRE 7.5

IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) ndi gawo la muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ma siginecha apakanema pamawayilesi apawayilesi. Mulingo wa kuyeza kwa IRE umachokera ku 0 mpaka 100, ndipo mulingo wolumikizana ndi 7.5 IRE. Izi zikuwonetsa 7.5 IRE ngati "chiwonetsero chakuda" chomwe chimayimira mdima wakuda pavidiyo, womwe umatanthawuzanso kuchuluka kwa ma siginecha athunthu pamakanema monga NTSC ndi PAL.

Mu NTSC ndi PAL zofotokozera za kanema wapakanema, 'wakuda/wakuda kuposa wakuda' ndi 0-7.5 IRE, 'pansi sync' ndi -40 IRE, 30 ya 'yoyera' ndi 'yowala kuposa yoyera' ndi 70-100 IRE motsatana. woyera kwa muyezo wapadera. Chofunikira kudziwa apa ndikuti zikhalidwe zomwe zili pakati pa 0-7.5IRE siziwoneka koma zimakonda kuthandiza popereka kulumikizana kolondola kapena chidziwitso chanthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a kanema wawayilesi polandila / kutumiza ma TV; pomwe zikhalidwe zakunja kwa 0-100 MAY zimawonekeranso koma ziyenera kupewedwa ngati zingatheke chifukwa zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa pamawonekedwe / machitidwe a kanema wawayilesi.
Kusiyanitsa kwazithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito mithunzi yosiyana yomwe imakhala mkati mwa magawowo kumathandizira kukulitsa tsatanetsatane wazithunzi kuziwonetsa momveka bwino pama TV akulu akulu zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuziwona bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina za analogi monga makina a S-Video kapena RF wired antenna.

IRE 15

IRE 15, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti blanking level, ndi imodzi mwamagawo oyezera ma siginecha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muvidiyo yophatikizika. Makanema ophatikizika amaphatikiza ma pulses opingasa ndi ofukula ndi ma siginecha a data a luminance ndi chrominance. IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) ndiye gawo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza matalikidwe azizindikirozi. IRE 15 imagwirizana ndi kutulutsa kwamagetsi kwa 0.3 volts pachimake pa siginecha ya NTSC kapena 0 volts peak-to-peak mu PAL sign (NTSC ndi PAL ndi miyezo yowulutsira digito).

IRE 15 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza pamene mbali ya chithunzicho ilibe deta - derali limadziwika kuti "malo opanda kanthu". Ili pakati pa mulingo wakuda wakuda ndi mulingo wonse woyera - nthawi zambiri 7.5 IRE pansi pa 100 IRE. Zosiyanasiyana kuyambira 0 IRE (zakuda kwathunthu) mpaka 7.5 IRE zimatsimikizira momwe chithunzi chimawonekera pazenera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwake kuwulula tsatanetsatane wazithunzi kapena mawonekedwe aluso mkati mwa nyali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mukamayesa ma siginecha amakanema, ndikofunikira kusunga 7.5 V pachimake pagawo lililonse lachithunzicho nthawi zonse pazochokera zonse zomwe mukufuna kuwonetsa - izi zidzatsimikizira mtundu wolondola wamitundu mkati mwa makina anu pazolinga zonse za analogi komanso Mawonekedwe a HDTV monga ATSC, 1080p/24 ndi ena. Mukasankhidwa bwino ndi 100% azungu (IRE 100) pamalo owala omwe sangakhumudwitse maso mukawonera zochitika zapa TV kapena makanema, mwachilengedwe mithunzi yonse imatha kuwonedwa. koma osawala kwambiri mpaka atakhala osawoneka pamodzi ndi magulu angapo akuda omwe nthawi zambiri amawonekera mosavuta koma owoneka bwino - Ichi ndichifukwa chake kupeza makonzedwe oyenera (miyezo ya IRE) kudzera pazida zamakono kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti mumapeza zabwino. zithunzi zolondola kuchokera mnyumba yanu ya zisudzo / khwekhwe la kanema wa kanema wamoyo lero!

Ubwino wa IRE

IRE (IEEE Standards Association Radiometric Equivalent) ndi gawo la muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ma siginecha apakanema. Ichi ndiye gawo loyezera lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamakanema akatswiri. IRE ili ndi maubwino ambiri, kuphatikiza kutha kuyeza molondola zowunikira ndi ma chrominance, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga zowoneka bwino kwambiri. Munkhaniyi, tiwona zabwino za IRE komanso chifukwa chake ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga makanema.

Kujambula Kolondola Kwamtundu

IRE imayimira institute of capacity engineers ndipo inakhazikitsidwa mu 1938. IRE ndi gawo la kuyeza komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza matalikidwe a chizindikiro cha kanema wamagulu. Pakuyeza chizindikiro cha kanema waphatikizidwe, IRE imapereka maubwino angapo, kuphatikiza kutulutsa kolondola kwamitundu.

IRE imalola akatswiri okhazikitsa kapena akatswiri kuti awonetsetse kuti mitundu yapangidwanso molondola kudzera mu chowunikira makanema pokonza makina amakanema. Chigawo cha IRE chimatha kuyeza osati kuchuluka kwa mizere pakati pa zakuda ndi zoyera zomwe zilipo pachithunzichi, komanso kuwala kwawo. Ndi kulondola koteroko, ndikosavuta kwa oyika kapena katswiri kuti awonetsetse kuti mitundu yoyenera ikuwonekera pachithunzi chomaliza.

IRE imatilola kuti tikhazikitse zida zofananira kuti zitheke kutulutsa mitundu yolondola mosasamala kanthu za zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zimawonetsetsa kuti mithunzi yamitundu yomwe imawonedwa pazida zosiyanasiyana ikhalabe yofanana pamakanema onse ndi zida zotulutsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa popanga zithunzi kapena ma siginecha amakanema. Zowunikira zoyendetsedwa bwino kapena zowonetsera zitha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakuwonetsetsa kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa ma toni kapena mithunzi pazida zosiyana panthawi yomwe timasewera, pamapeto pake zimatipatsa zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mitundu yodalirika komanso matani omwe amagwirizana ndi zomwe tidalemba poyamba.

Kuwongolera Kuwala Molondola

Integrated Rise and Fall (IRE) ndi muyeso womwe umayesa kuwala kwa mavidiyo ophatikizika. Muyezo uwu, wopangidwa ndi American National Television System Committee (ANSTC), umapereka muyeso wodalirika wa mphamvu yazizindikiro yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamitundu yonse ya zida zamakanema ndikulola kuwongolera kolondola.

Mayunitsi a IRE amawonetsedwa pamlingo woyezedwa pa sikelo yochokera ku 0 mpaka 100. Sikero ya IRE imaphwanyidwanso kukhala miyeso 28 kuyambira 0 IRE, zomwe zikuwonetsa mdima wathunthu, mpaka 100 IRE, womwe umayimira kuyera koyera. Kuzama kwa chithunzi, kapena chiŵerengero chosiyanitsa, nthawi zambiri amayezedwa mu IRE ya 70-100% pamene kuwala kwa chithunzi kapena kuwala kumayesedwa mkati mwa IRE ya 7-10%.

Pogwiritsa ntchito matanthauzo ndi miyeso yokhazikika monga mayunitsi a IRE pamitundu yonse ya opanga zida zamakanema ndi akatswili amatha kutanthauzira molondola mulingo womwe ukufunidwa wa ma siginecha azinthu zina monga kuwulutsa kanema wawayilesi zomwe zimafunikira kuwongolera bwino mphamvu zonse zodumphira pansi ndi nthawi yowuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri amatha kudziwa molimba mtima ngati chida chilichonse chikupanga milingo yazizindikiro yomwe ili mkati mwamiyezo yokhazikitsidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito motetezeka ndi zigawo zina pamayendedwe amasinthidwe.

Ubwino Wazithunzi

Tekinoloje ya Integrated Report-Expansion (IRE) imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina ojambula kuti apititse patsogolo mawonekedwe azithunzi. Zimalola akatswiri azaumoyo kuti awone zinthu zazing'ono kapena zowoneka bwino pazithunzi za MRI zomwe mwina sizinawonekere pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zojambulira. Njira ya IRE imagwira ntchito powonjezera kusiyana kwa chithunzi chowonetsedwa, ndikupangitsa kuti chiwoneke chowoneka bwino komanso chomveka bwino kuposa kale. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zilonda zing'onozing'ono ndi minofu zikhale zosavuta kuzizindikira ndikutanthauzira pazenera.

IRE itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi kujambula kwa ultrasound, komwe kumathandiza madokotala kuzindikira matenda okhudzana ndi mwana wosabadwayo ndi makanda obadwa kumene, kuwalola kuzindikira zovuta zamapangidwe kapena matenda am'mimba panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati. IRE ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndi kujambula kwa x-ray komwe kumalola madokotala kuti azindikire kuthyoka kwa fupa kapena zosagwirizana, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti adziwe matenda olondola mwamsanga komanso molondola.

URE ikuvomerezedwanso m'malo opangira ma radiotherapy monga radiation oncology pofuna kutsata zotupa panthawi yamankhwala a radiation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma radiation azitha kugwira bwino ntchito kwa odwala omwe akulandira chithandizo cha khansa. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa IRE ndi wochuluka; kumapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha odwala chikhale bwino powapatsa madokotala olondola kwambiri pozindikira mikhalidwe, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azindikire zilonda zazing'ono kapena minyewa yomwe mwina adaphonya popanda thandizo la IRE.

Kutsiliza

Pomaliza, IRE kapena Institute of Radio Engineers ndi gawo la muyeso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ma siginecha amakanema. Chizindikiro cha 100-IRE ndicho mlingo waukulu wa mphamvu zomwe zingatheke pamtundu uliwonse wa kanema, pamene chizindikiro cha 0-IRE ndi chofanana ndi zero volts ndi mlingo wotsika kwambiri womwe chizindikiro cha kanema wamagulu chingakwaniritse. Sikelo ya IRE ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza mphamvu ndi kumveka kwa chithunzi chilichonse kapena siginecha yamawu, kaya ikuwulutsidwa, kuwonetsedwa pa kanema wawayilesi kapena kuwulutsidwa pa intaneti. Zizindikiro zamakanema nthawi zambiri zimayesedwa ndi 1/100th ya IRE kuyambira 0 mpaka 100.

Mukajambulitsa mawu kapena kanema, ndibwino kuti mujambule pafupi ndi 0-IRE momwe mungathere kuti mukhale ndi mawu abwino. Kusintha milingo pakusewerera, monga kukweza mawu kapena kusintha kusiyanitsa ndi kuwala kumatha kuchitika popanda kudandaula za kusokonekera kwa kusokonezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosololi limathandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti makina onse opangira ma siginecha ali ndi ma calibration osasinthika kuti muyese molondola komanso makulitsidwe pakati pa machitidwe.

Moni, ndine Kim, mayi komanso wokonda kuyimitsa zoyenda komanso wodziwa zambiri pakupanga media komanso kakulidwe ka intaneti. Ndili ndi chikhumbo chachikulu chojambula ndi makanema ojambula, ndipo tsopano ndikudumphira molunjika kudziko loyimitsa. Ndi blog yanga, ndikugawana zomwe ndaphunzira ndi inu anyamata.