IRE: Chii Chiri Mukuyerwa KweComposite Vhidhiyo Zviratidzo?

by kim Updated: June 29, 2022

Intereventrectangularity (IRE) chiyero chekupenya kwechiratidzo chevhidhiyo, iyo inoshandiswa pavhidhiyo yemubatanidzwa.

Inopimwa muzvikamu zvinodaidzwa kuti IREs, chinova chikero che 0-100, 0 achive akanyanya kusviba uye 100 ari iwo anopenya zvakanyanya.

IRE yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya nevazhinji vatepfenyuri uye mainjiniya evhidhiyo senzira yekuyera uye kugadzirisa kupenya kwechiratidzo chevhidhiyo.

Muchikamu chino, tichakurukura kuti IRE chii uye kuti inoshandiswa sei mukuyerwa kwemasaini evhidhiyo akaumbwa.

Tsanangudzo yeIRE

IRE inomirira "Institute of Radio Engineers." Icho chikero chinoshandiswa kuyera masaini evhidhiyo akaumbwa, anowanzo kuratidzwa sechikamu chereferenzi "dema" nhanho uye yepamusoro chena nhanho (muAmerican system) kana iyo referensi chena uye yepamusoro matema mazinga (muEuropean uye mamwe mazinga). Kukosha kunoratidzwa muzvikamu zveIRE pane oscilloscope, uchishandisa zviyero zvinotangira pa0 IRE (dema) kusvika pa100 IRE (white).

Izwi IRE rakatorwa kubva kuna mainjiniya kuRCA muma1920s uye rakave rakamisikidzwa pakati pemainjiniya eterevhizheni ekugadzirisa masaini evhidhiyo. Yakave yakagamuchirwa nemasangano akati wandei epasi rose, ichiva chiyero chinogamuchirwa kune ese ari maviri TV line scan rate uye modulation kudzika. Sezvo mugadziri wega wega achigadzirisa michina yavo zvakasiyana, kana uchishanda kune akawanda masisitimu zvakakosha kuti unzwisise izvi zvakasiyana siyana uye uzvigadzirise zvinoenderana kuti uve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakaringana.

Nhoroondo yeIRE

IRE (inodudzwa kuti 'eye-rayhee') inomirira Institution of Radio Engineers uye yakavambwa muna 1912 sesangano rehunyanzvi revainjiniya veredhiyo. Iyo IRE yakashandisa mwero weakaumbwa evhidhiyo masaini anosanganisira kuyerwa kwemavara matema uye chena tsananguro mumasaini emagetsi anounzwa kune chifananidzo chinoratidza mudziyo.

IRE yakashandiswa kuyera mhando dzakasiyana dzezviratidzo zvevhidhiyo, senge; NTSC, PAL, SECAM, HDMI uye DVI. NTSC inoshandisa tsananguro yakasiyana yeIRE pane mamwe masisitimu, ichishandisa 7.5 IRE yedanho dema pachinzvimbo che0 IRE inoshandiswa nemimwe miyero yakawanda zvichiita kuti zviome kuenzanisa masisitimu maviri aya.

PAL inoshandisa 0 IRE yedanho dema uye 100 IRE yewhite level iyo inobvumira kuti ienzaniswe zviri nyore nemamwe masisitimu emavara seNTSC neSECAM. Tsanangudzo yepamusoro yakaita seHDMI neDVI inoshandisa dudziro yakatokwirisa ine mavara akadzika senge 16-235 kana 16-240 ichitsanangurwa neHDMI 2.0a miyero apo huwandu hwakazara huri 230 kana 240 kukosha zvakateerana ichitevera gumi nematanhatu iyo inotsanangura dema apo 16. inotsanangura chena mwero zvinoenderana.

Maitiro emazuva ano ari kuchinjika akananga kumafomati edhijitari seHDMI ayo anomira zvirinani neruzha rwedunhu asi zvichiri kuda kukwenenzverwa sezvo kunyangwe mafomati edhijitari anoda kuwiriraniswa kwakaringana pakati pemasaini ekuisa senge maDVD player, Blu-ray player kana game consoles angave ane dudziro dzakasiyana zvichienzaniswa mumwe nemumwe maererano nemasaini ekubuda anogadzirwa maererano neshanduko dzakaitwa pavari kubva pakuona kwemushandisi wekupedzisira sekupenya kana kusiyanisa paterevhizheni pachayo.

Chii chinonzi IRE?

IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) chidimbu chinowanzo shandiswa pakukurukura masaini evhidhiyo akaumbwa. Icho chikamu chekuyera chinoshandiswa kuona musiyano, ruvara, uye kupenya kwechiratidzo chevhidhiyo, pamwe nemazinga enzwi. IRE inoshandiswawo kuona akaumbwa mavhidhiyo mafomati uye zviyero muanalog domain. Ngatitarisei zvakanyanya IRE nemashandisirwo ayo akasiyana.

IRE Inoshandiswa Sei muVhidhiyo Signals?

IRE, kana Inverse Relative Exposure, iyuniti yekuyera inoshandiswa kumiririra makuriro echiratidzo chevhidhiyo. IRE inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira terevhizheni uye kutepfenyura nhepfenyuro kana ichiyera masaini evhidhiyo akaumbwa. Inowanzoyerwa mumutsara kubva pa0 kusvika ku100 pachiyero.

Iyo IRE yekuyera sisitimu yakavakirwa pamabatiro anoita ziso kupenya uye ruvara-zvakafanana nerudzi rwetembiricha nzanga inowanzo shandisa kutsanangura mwenje chena. Mune masaini evhidhiyo, 0 IRE inoratidza hapana vhidhiyo chiratidzo voltage uye 100 IRE inoratidza yakanyanya kugoneka voltage (chaizvoizvo, mufananidzo-chena).

Pakuyera kupenya kwemazinga, vagadziri vemagetsi vanoshandisa masisitimu akasiyana siyana senge nits ye LED backlit terevhizheni kuratidza kana tsoka-marambi ezvakajairwa zvinoratidzira semabhaisikopo. Nekudaro, zviyero izvi zvinobva pamakenduru paskweya mita (cd/m²). Panzvimbo pekushandisa cd/m² seyakaenzana simba kukosha kweruzivo rwekuvheneka, masaini eanalogi anowanzo shandisa IRE sechikamu chayo chemutsetse wemagetsi ekuwedzera kuitira kuti isangane neyakajairwa NTSC kana PAL kuwana zvinodiwa.

IRE tsika dzinowanzo shandiswa muindasitiri yenhepfenyuro; mainjiniya ekutepfenyura anotsamira pavari pakugadzirisa midziyo inotora kana kutepfenyura masaini evhidhiyo akadai semakamera nemaTV. Kazhinji kutaura, mainjiniya ekutepfenyura anoshandisa nhamba dziri pakati pe0-100 pakugadzirisa/kugadzirisa odhiyo nemavhidhiyo mazinga panguva yekudhirowa nekutepfenyura.

IRE inoyerwa sei?

IRE inomirira Institute of Radio Engineers uye ndiyo chiyero chechiyero chinoshandiswa pakuyera masaini evhidhiyo akaumbwa. Inopimwa mumamilivolti (mV) kubva pa0 mV kusvika pa100 mV, zvichireva nhanho yakajairika umo masaini evhidhiyo anoumbwa anofanira kuwira kuti ashande zvakanaka.

Iyo IRE inoenda kubva -40 kusvika 120 mukati mevhidhiyo yega yega furemu uye iro rose renji rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu nemareferenzi mapoinzi anonzi IRE mapoinzi. Aya masaini anobva apimwa kubva pa0 IRE (dema) kusvika pa100 IRE (chena).

0 IRE ndiyo chaiyo kukosha kwevatema vechokwadi uye inoenderana neinosvika 7.5 mV peak-to-peak amplitude pane yakajairwa NTSC chiratidzo kana ne 1 V peak-to-peak amplitude paPAL chiratidzo.

100IRE inomiririra 100% chena mwero, iyo yakaenzana nemagetsi echiratidzo che70 mV peak-to-peak pane chiratidzo cheNTSC uye 1 Volt peak-to-peak pane PAL chiratidzo; nepo 40 IRE pazasi dema nhanho (-40IRE) pa 300 mV peak-to-peak paNTSC chiratidzo kana 4 Vand 50% grey inoenderana ne35IRE (35% digital full scale).

Aya mazinga anoshandiswa senge mareferensi mapoinzi pakuyera iwo akasiyana mazinga mukati memufananidzo, senge kupenya kwese kana mifananidzo yekusiyanisa controller, luma kana chroma kuwana kana mazinga uye mamwe marongero senge pedestal nhanho pazvinoshanda.

Mhando dzeIRE

Iyo IRE kuyerwa kunoshandiswa kuyera amplitude nhanho yeanalog composite vhidhiyo chiratidzo. Inomirira "instantaneous reference electrode" uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yenhepfenyuro yeterevhizheni. Kana zvasvika kuIRE, kune akati wandei marudzi ayo masaini anogona kuiswa mukati, kubva payakajairwa IRE maunitsi kusvika kuNTSC nePAL IRE mayunitsi. Muchikamu chino, tichatarisa mhando dzakasiyana dzeyero dzeIRE uye mutsauko uripo pakati pawo.

IRE 0

IRE (inodudzwa kuti "eye-reel") inomirira Institute of Radio Engineers, inova chikamu chechiyero chinoshandiswa kuongorora chiyero chechiratidzo chevhidhiyo. IRE inoshandiswa pakuyera masaini evhidhiyo akaumbwa.
Chiyero cheIRE chakaverengerwa kubva pa0 kusvika pazana uye nhamba yega yega inomiririra huwandu hwemavolts. Kuverenga kweIRE 100 kunomiririra kusakwana kwemagetsi zvachose nepo IRE 0 kuverenga yaizomiririra 100 volt kana 1 muzana yekuvhenekera nhanho inoenderana neyakavharika level. Uyezve, kukosha kwe100 IRE kwakaenzana ne65 millivolts (mV) kana zero decibels inorehwa kune imwe volt peak-to-peak (dBV).

Iwo matatu makuru marudzi eIRE anosanganisira:
-IRE 0: Inomiririra hapana hama voltage, iyi mhando yekuyera inogona kushandiswa kuverenga overscan uye underscan mumifananidzo yakaongororwa.
-IRE 15: Inomiririra anenge 25 millivolts (mV), inonyanya kushandiswa kuyera kumashure kweberere rekucheka uye kuseta mazinga mumasaini ekutepfenyura.
-IRE 7.5 / 75%: Inomiririra avhareji AGC (Automatic Gain Control) level; rudzi urwu rwekuyera runoratidza kupenya pakati pezvikamu zvine mumvuri mukati mefuremu uye zvikamu zvakaratidzwa kunze kwefuremu.

IRE 7.5

IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) chikamu chechiyero chinoshandiswa kuyera akaumbwa masaini evhidhiyo munhepfenyuro yeterevhizheni. Iyo IRE kuyerwa kuyerwa kunotangira pa0 kusvika ku100, ine sync level iri 7.5 IRE. Izvi zvinopa 7.5 IRE se "black reference" inomiririra nhema izere yevhidhiyo, iyo inotsanangudza huwandu hwechiratidzo chakazara mumayero evhidhiyo akadai seNTSC nePAL.

MuNTSC nePAL inoumbwa nemavhidhiyo masaini maratidziro, 'dema/dema pane dema' iri 0-7.5 IRE, 'pazasi sync' ndeye -40 IRE, 30 ye 'chena' uye 'inopenya kupfuura chena' inomaka 70-100 IRE zvichiteerana. chena kune iyi mwero. Chinokosha kucherechedzwa apa ndechekuti hutsika huri pakati pe0-7.5IRE hahuoneki asi hunowanzo batsira mukupa kuwiriranisa kwakaringana kana ruzivo rwenguva inoshandiswa nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveterevhizheni uchigamuchira/kutumira zviratidzo zveTV; nepo ukoshi huri kunze kwechikamu 0-100 ZVINOGONA kuonekawo asi zvinofanirwa kudzivirirwa kana zvichibvira sezvo zvichigona kukonzera mhedzisiro yakaipa pakuratidzwa/kuita mhando yenhepfenyuro yeterevhizheni.
Musiyano wemifananidzo uchishandisa mimvuri yakasiyana inogara mukati meaya mazinga anobatsira kusimudzira maficha emifananidzo achiiratidza zvakanyanya mukutsanangurwa kwepamusoro pane hombe skrini yeTV izvo zvingave zvakaoma kuona nemazvo uchishandisa dzimwe nzira dzeanalog seS-Vhidhiyo kana RF wired antenna system.

IRE 15

IRE 15, inozivikanwawo sekuti blanking level, ndeimwe yemayuniti ekuyera masaini anoshandiswa muvhidhiyo inoumbwa. Chiratidzo chevhidhiyo chakaumbwa chinosanganisira yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka sync pulses uye luminance uye chrominance data masaini. IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) ndiyo yakajairika unit inoshandiswa kuyera amplitude yezvikwangwani izvi. IRE 15 inoenderana nevoltige inobuda ye0.3 volts peak-to-peak muNTSC siginecha kana 0 volts peak-to-peak muPAL siginecha (NTSC nePAL zviyero zvekutepfenyura kwedijitari).

IRE 15 inoshandiswa kuratidza kana chikamu chemufananidzo chisina data - nzvimbo iyi inozivikanwa se "nzvimbo isina chinhu". Inowanikwa pakati peyero dema uye yakazara chena mwero - kazhinji 7.5 IRE pazasi pese blanking yakaiswa pa100 IRE. Huwandu kubva pa0 IRE (yakazara nhema) kusvika 7.5 IRE inosarudza kuti mufananidzo wakasviba sei pascreen, izvo zvinoratidza kugona kwayo kuburitsa ruzivo rwemumvuri kana kutaura kwehunyanzvi mukati memarambi akasiyana uye mavara.

Paunenge uchienzanisa masaini evhidhiyo, zvakakosha kuchengetedza 7.5 V peak-to-peak kumativi ese emufananidzo nguva dzese kune ese masosi aunofunga kuratidza - izvi zvinogonesa kwakaringana colorimetry mukati me system yako kune ese akajairwa tsananguro analogi yemukati pamwe chete. HDTV based formats seATSC, 1080p/24 etc. asi kwete kupenya zvakanyanya kudzamara vaita kunge vasingaonekwe pamwe nematanho akati wandei evatema ayo aiwanzo kuoneka zviri nyore kusiyanisa asi achiyevedza - Ichi ndicho chikonzero kuwana marongero akakodzera (IRE mazinga) kuburikidza neazvino zviridzwa zvemagetsi zvave zvakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti unowana mhando. mapikicha akarurama kunze kweimba yako yemitambo / live nhepfenyuro yebhaisikopo setup nhasi!

Mabhenefiti eIRE

IRE (IEEE Standards Association Radiometric Equivalent) chikamu chechiyero chinoshandiswa kuyera zviratidzo zvevhidhiyo zvakaumbwa. Iyi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa chiyero chekuyera mumichina yevhidhiyo yehunyanzvi. IRE ine mabhenefiti akawanda, kusanganisira kugona kuyera nemasaini kupenya uye chrominance masaini, ayo anobatsira kugadzira emhando yepamusoro zvinoonekwa. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora mabhenefiti eIRE uye nei yakakosha muindasitiri yemavhidhiyo.

Kuberekwa Kwemavara Kwakarurama

IRE inomirira institute of capacity engineers uye yakagadzirwa muna 1938. IRE iyuniti yekuyera inoshandiswa kuyera makuriro echiratidzo chevhidhiyo. Mukuyera chiratidzo chevhidhiyo inoumbwa, IRE inopa akati wandei mabhenefiti, kusanganisira kwakaringana kubereka kwemavara.

IRE inobvumira vanoisa nyanzvi kana matekiniki kuona kuti mavara anogadzirwa nenzira kwayo kuburikidza nevhidhiyo yekutarisa paunenge uchigadzirisa vhidhiyo system. Iyo IRE unit inokwanisa kuyera kwete chete nhamba yemitsara pakati pevatema nechena iripo pamufananidzo, asiwo mwenje yavo. Nemazvo akadaro, zviri nyore kune anoisa kana technician kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti mavara akakodzera anoonekwa mumufananidzo wekupedzisira.

IRE inotibvumira kumisikidza michina inoenderana kuitira kuti iwane kwakaringana kubereka kwemavara zvisinei nekuti rudzii rwemidziyo inoshandiswa. Izvi zvinova nechokwadi chekuti mimvuri yemavara inoonekwa mumidziyo yakasiyana icharamba ichienderana pamatanho ese uye zvigadzirwa zvinobuda zvinosanganisirwa mukugadzira mafoto kana masaini evhidhiyo. Mamonitor akakwenenzverwa kana maratidziro anogona kuita basa rakakura mukuona kuti hapana mutsauko pakati pematoni kana mimvuri pamidziyo yakaparadzana panguva yekutamba, pakupedzisira ichitipa mifananidzo yakajeka uye inoyevedza ine mavara anotendwa uye toni dzinoenderana nekwatiri kutanga zvemukati nenzira kwayo.

Kwakarurama Kujeka Kudzora

Yakabatanidzwa Kusimuka uye Kudonha (IRE) chiyero chinoongorora kupenya kweakasanganiswa vhidhiyo masaini. Iyi chiyero, yakagadziridzwa neAmerican National Television System Committee (ANSTC), inopa chiyero chakavimbika chekusimba kwechiratidzo icho chinogona kuiswa kune ese marudzi emidziyo yemavhidhiyo uye inobvumira kudzora kupenya chaiko.

Mayunitsi eIRE anotaridzwa muchikamu chezvikamu zvakayerwa pachiyero kubva pa0 kusvika pa100. Chikero cheIRE chinozodimburwazve kuita 28 tsika kubva pa0 IRE, iyo inoratidza hutema hwakazara, kusvika ku100 IRE, inomiririra kuchena kwepamusoro. Udzamu hwemufananidzo, kana reshiyo yekusiyanisa, inowanzoyerwa muIRE renji ye70-100% ukuwo kupenya kwemufananidzo kana kupenya kuchiyerwa mukati meIRE renji ye7-10%.

Nekushandisa zvakajairwa tsananguro uye zviyero zvakaita seIRE mayunitsi kumarudzi ese evagadziri vemidziyo yevhidhiyo uye matekiniki vanogona kunyatso tsanangura nhanho inodiwa yekubuda kwechiratidzo kune chaiwo maapplication akadai senhepfenyuro yeterevhizheni inoda kudzora chaiko pamusoro pesimba rekudhivha uye nguva yekusimuka kwechiratidzo. Pamusoro pezvo matekinoroji anogona kuona nechivimbo kana chero chipi zvacho chakapihwa chemidziyo chiri kugadzira mazinga echiratidzo ari mukati meiyo yakatemerwa zviyero zvekushandisa zvakachengeteka nezvimwe zvikamu mucheni yekugadzirisa chiratidzo.

Yakavandudzwa Mufananidzo Wemhando

Yakabatanidzwa mushumo-yekuwedzera (IRE) tekinoroji inoshandiswa mukufungidzira masisitimu kuvandudza kunaka kwemufananidzo. Inobvumira vashandi vehutano kuti vaone zviduku kana zvisinganzwisisiki pamifananidzo yeMRI inogona kunge isina kuonekwa vachishandisa mamwe maitiro ekufungidzira. Iyo IRE maitiro inoshanda nekuwedzera mutsauko wemufananidzo wakaratidzwa, uchiita kuti utaridzike wakapinza uye wakajeka kupfuura kare. Izvi zvinoita kuti maronda madiki uye zvimiro zvenyama zvive nyore kuona uye kududzira pachiratidziri.

IRE inogona zvakare kushandiswa ne ultrasound imaging, iyo inobatsira varapi kuona zvirwere zvine chekuita ne "fetus" uye vacheche vachangozvarwa, zvichivabvumira kuti vaone zvekutanga zvimiro kana zvirwere zvemajini panguva yekuzvitakura. IRE inogonawo kushandiswa ne x-ray imaging iyo inobvumira varapi kuti vaone kuputsika kwemapfupa kana kukanganiswa kwemajoini, zvichiita kuti vape kuongororwa kwakaringana nekukurumidza uye nemazvo.

URE parizvino iri kutambirwa munzvimbo dzeradiotherapy senge radiation oncology yekunyatso kunanga mabundu panguva yekurapa radiation kurapwa, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwakanangwa kwemwaranzi kuti ishande zvakanyanya kuvarwere vari kurapwa gomarara. Zvakanakira kushandisa IRE tekinoroji yakawanda; inovandudza kuchengetedzwa kwevarwere nekupa varapi vane mazinga epamusoro ekururama pavanenge vachiongorora mamiriro ezvinhu, zvichiita kuti vaone zvipembenene zviduku kana zvivako zvemashuva izvo zvingave zvakapotsa pasina rubatsiro rweIRE.

mhedziso

Mukupedzisa, IRE kana Institute of Radio Engineers chikamu chechiyero chinoshandiswa kuyera masaini evhidhiyo. Chiratidzo che100-IRE ndiyo yakanyanya nhanho yesimba inogoneka mune chero yakapihwa vhidhiyo chiratidzo, nepo 0-IRE siginecha yakaenzana ne zero volts uye yakaderera inogoneka nhanho iyo inoumbwa vhidhiyo chiratidzo inogona kuwana. Chikero cheIRE chinogona kushandiswa kuyera simba uye kujeka kwechero mufananidzo wakapihwa kana chiratidzo chekuteerera, chingave chiri kutepfenyurwa, chinoratidzwa paterevhizheni kana kutepfenyurwa paInternet. Vhidhiyo zviratidzo zvinowanzoyerwa mukuwedzera kwe1/100th yeIRE kutanga pa0 uye kupera pa100.

Paunenge uchirekodha odhiyo kana vhidhiyo, zvakajairika kurekodha iri padyo ne0-IRE sezvinobvira kune yakakwana ruzha rwemhando. Kugadzirisa mazinga panguva yekutamba, sekuwedzera vhoriyamu kana kugadzirisa musiyano uye kupenya kunogona kuitwa pasina kunetseka nekukanganiswa kubva mukukanganisa. Uyezve, iyi sisitimu inobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti masisitimu ese anogadziridza masaini masaini ane anowirirana macalibrations ezviyero zvakaringana uye kuyera pakati pemasisitimu.

Mhoroi, ndini Kim, amai uye munhu anofarira zvekumira-famba ane ruzivo mukugadzira midhiya nekuvandudzwa kwewebhu. Ndine chido chikuru chekudhirowa uye mifananidzo, uye ikozvino ndiri kunyura nemusoro munyika yekumira-kufamba. Neblog rangu, ndiri kugovera zvandinodzidza nemi varume.