Umgangatho woZandi: Yintoni ekuVelisweni kweVidiyo?

ngo kim Ukuhlaziywa: Juni 29, 2022

Ukuqonda umgangatho wesandi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa umxholo wevidiyo osemgangathweni.

Iyonke Isandi amava owadalayo kwiividiyo zakho anegalelo ngokuthe ngqo kwimpendulo yeemvakalelo ababukeli abanayo ngelixa bebukele, ke ukuba nokuqonda okusebenzayo komgangatho wesandi ngundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iividiyo zakho zifikelela kwisakhono sazo esipheleleyo.

Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kuxoxa ukuba yintoni umgangatho wesandi kunye nokuba ulinganiswa njani, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezinegalelo ekufumaneni eyona audio yeeprojekthi zakho.

Siza kuqala ngokujonga indlela esilinganisa ngayo iaudio, kuquka iinkcazo zemilinganiselo emininzi emikhulu yomgangatho wesandi njengoluhlu lwamaza, uluhlu oluguquguqukayo kunye nomgangatho wengxolo. Emva koko, siza kugubungela amacebo okuqinisekisa ukubanjwa kwesandi esilungileyo, kubandakanya ubuchule bokuphucula iimeko ezisetiweyo kunye neengcebiso zokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwengxolo ngexesha lokurekhodwa komsindo kuphela. Siza kuphinda sijonge iindlela ukuvelisa emva inokuchaphazela imveliso yakho yokugqibela kwaye ugqibezele ngoshwankathelo lweminye imigibe eyaziwayo enokubakho xa kufikwa ekuphumezeni i-audio ephezulu yeeprojekthi zakho.

Ingcaciso yoMgangatho Wesandi

Umgangatho wesandi ngumlinganiselo wokucaca, ukutyeba, kunye nokuthembeka komsindo kurekhodisho okanye kusasazo. Luvavanyo lovavanyo oluhlala lusetyenziswa kwishishini lemveliso yevidiyo ukumisela ukusebenza komsindo kwiprojekthi. Umgangatho wesandi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa umxholo wevidiyo osemgangathweni, njengoko unokumisela umgangatho uwonke wamava ombukeli. Apha, makhe sixoxe ukuba loluphi umgangatho wesandi ngokweenkcukacha kwaye ungawuchaphazela njani umgangatho wevidiyo.

Ubuninzi

Ubuninzi bezandi ngumlinganiselo wokuba mangaphi amaza isandi esiphindaphindayo ngomzuzwana, kwaye silinganiswa ngeHertz (Hz). Abantu ngokubanzi bayakwazi ukuva izandi phakathi kwe-20 Hz kunye ne-20 kHz. I-frequency ewela phakathi kolu luhlu ibizwa ngokuba yi-audible frequency. Izandi ezinezandi ezingaphantsi kwe-20 Hz, ezaziwa ngokuba ngamaza e-infrasonic, ziqhele ukuvakala kuphela kunokuba ziviwe. Ezo zinezakhelo ezingaphezu kwe-20 kHz zibizwa ngokuba yi-ultrasonic.

Kwimveliso yevidiyo, iifrikhwensi ezithile zinokubaluleke ngakumbi kunezinye. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba "kukumamela amabala amnandi", ezi zintlu ezivakalayo zivumela ababukeli ukuba bahlule izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namazwi kumxube we-audio ngcono. Bakwanika indawo eyongezelelekileyo yezinto ezinjengeempembelelo kunye notshintsho, ke umxube opheleleyo ugcina ukucaca kwayo kuyo yonke inkcazo yevidiyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iaudiyo yakho icacile kwaye ivakala ngokwendalo ngamaxesha onke phakathi koluhlu lwamaza, kungcono ukubeka esweni amanqanaba akho omsindo xa uxutywa kwimveliso yasemva.

Ubunzulu beBit

Xa kufikwa kumgangatho wesandi, ubunzulu besandi yeyona nto iphambili. Ubunzulu besuntswana bulinganiswa ngamasuntswana, kwaye amaxabiso aphezulu abonisa uluhlu oluguquguqukayo olwandisiweyo - okwenza abavelisi babambe uluhlu olubanzi lwezandi. Ukuphakama kwexabiso elincinci lobunzulu, kungcono, njengoko ivumela indawo engaphezulu ukumela amanqanaba kunye nezandi ezinjengokunyathela okanye ukusebeza. Ubunzulu obuqhelekileyo bomgangatho woshishino yi-8-bit kunye ne-16-bit; Nangona kunjalo, i-24-bit audio ibonelela ngoluhlu oluguqukayo ngakumbi. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukurekhoda izandi eziphezulu nezithambileyo ngokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwingxolo yangasemva enokuthi yenzeke xa urekhoda ngobunzulu obusezantsi.

Ukurekhodwa kwendawo okanye utshintsho phakathi kweeklip, i-24-bit yomsindo iya kubonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu wesandi kwiiprojekthi zakho zokuvelisa ividiyo. Ngelixa ubunzulu obuphezulu obunje nge-32-bit bunokwenzeka kwezinye izicelo, usetyenziso lwabo luthintelwe ikakhulu kwizitudiyo zesandi sobuchule. Nokuba yeyiphi na iprojekthi osebenza kuyo, ukubeka phambili ubunzulu obuncinci kufanele kube yinto ephambili kwabo bafuna iividiyo zabo zigqame kukhuphiswano.

Uluhlu lwamandla

I-Dynamic Range ngumlinganiselo wesandi phakathi kwesandi esingxolayo kunye nesona sithambileyo esinokuphinda siveliswe ngesixokelelwano somsindo. Okukhona iDynamic Range inkulu, kokukhona isandisi-lizwi kufuneka sivelise izandi eziphezulu nezithambileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ubunomdlalo wekhadi onamakhadi okudlala aphantsi naphezulu, uya kufuna uluhlu olukhulu lweetshiphusi zepoker ukuze uqiniseke ukuba ukubheja kwakho kungagubungela zonke iimeko. Ngomsindo, uluhlu oluphezulu oluguquguqukayo luvumela uluhlu olubanzi lwamanqanaba evolyum ukuba luphinde lwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo olunceda ukongeza uchulumanco oluguqukayo kumphulaphuli - nokuba yiokhestra edlala kwiholo yekonsathi enkulu okanye ukonwabela ifilimu oyithandayo ekhaya. Kwimveliso yevidiyo, ukuba neDynamic Range ephezulu ivumela iinjineli ukuba zibambe kwaye zivelise izandi ezinokuthi ngenye indlela zivakala zisicaba okanye zirhaxwe yingxolo engasemva ngaphandle kokuphulukana neenkcukacha okanye ubutyebi. Iaudio enoluhlu olubanzi oluguqukayo yongeza umahluko ongakumbi kwimisebenzi yomculo, iinkcukacha ezinjengobomi kuyo yonke incoko yencoko yababini kunye nenyani emangalisayo xa ubukele iividiyo kwiscreen.

Inqanaba loXinzelelo lweSandi

I-Sound Pressure Level (okanye i-SPL) ngumlinganiselo wamandla okanye ukuqina kwesandi esinxulumene nenqanaba lereferensi. Ukuyibeka ngokulula, kukungxola kwesandi esilinganiswayo ii-decibel. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umgama osuka kumthombo ukwangumba—okukhona usiya kude, kokukhona isandi siye sithule ngenxa yokufunxa kunye nezinye izinto.

Inqanaba loxinzelelo lwesandi lichaphazelekayo zombini uxinzelelo lwesandi kunye ne-amplitude, ehambelana ngokusondeleyo; nangona kunjalo, i-amplitude ibhekisela ngokubanzi kuyo nayiphi na inguqu yoxinzelelo olubangelwa ngamaza, ngelixa i-SPL igxile kwiinguqu ezibangelwa izandi ezivakalayo. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-SPLs ngaphaya kwe-15 dB (ethathwa njengento evakalayo), ii-microphone ezinovakalelo kunye ne-amplifiers kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuba ziyakwazi ukubona nokuguquguquka okufihlakeleyo kuxinzelelo lomoya olubangelwa ngamaza okanye iithoni ezithile.

Amashishini ahlukeneyo anemigangatho yawo yokhuseleko xa kuziwa kumanqanaba okuvezwa ixesha elide (usuku lweeyure ezisi-8 emsebenzini). Kwimveliso yevidiyo ngokuthe ngqo, oku kuwela phakathi kwe-85-95 dB uluhlu. Ukusebenzisa imitha ye-SPL kunokunceda ukumisela amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo njengokuthatha ikhefu okanye ukunxiba ukukhusela indlebe xa kuyimfuneko. Ukongeza, kufanelekile Imakrofoni ubuchule bunokunceda ukunciphisa ingxolo egqithisileyo ngexesha lokuvelisa-usebenzisa i-windscreens ye-foam, ukubeka i-mics yesikhokelo kufuphi nemithombo xa kufanelekile, njl.

Izinto Ezichaphazela Umgangatho Wesandi

Umgangatho wesandi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na imveliso yevidiyo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinto ezichaphazela umgangatho wesandi kunye nendlela ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngayo. Eli candelo liza kuphonononga imiba eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wesandi kunye nobuchule obunokusetyenziswa ukusiphucula. Masingene kwiinkcukacha.

Igumbi le-Acoustics

I-acoustics yegumbi orekhoda kulo ingaba nempembelelo enkulu kumgangatho wesandi ngokubanzi. Ubume, ubukhulu, kunye noyilo lwegumbi kunokuchaphazela indlela amaza omsindo adibana ngayo kunye nokugqwetha ukurekhodwa.

Ngokomzekelo, igumbi elincinci liya kuba nezibonakaliso ezininzi kunye nokuphindaphinda kuneyona enkulu kuba amaza omsindo anesithuba esincinci sokuhamba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igumbi elikhulu elivulekileyo lingakhokelela kwi-echo egqithisileyo ngaphandle kokuba iphathwe ngokufanelekileyo ngezinto ezithatha isandi. Ukongeza, imathiriyeli yefenitshala efana neekhaphethi, iidraperi kunye nefanitshala inokunceda ukudambisa imbonakalo egrunjiweyo kwindawo eqinileyo efana neendonga okanye imigangatho.

Ukubekwa kweemakrofoni kukwachaphazela indlela ezisibamba ngayo isandi kuba zithande ukuba nobuntununtunu kwizandi ezithe ngqo ngelixa zikwabamba nakuphi na ukuguquguquka okungathanga ngqo ngendlela efana ne-echo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuyahlawula ukulungelelanisa indawo yabo kancinane ukuze kupheliswe nayiphi na ingxolo engeyomfuneko. Ukunciphisa ngakumbi i-echoes, abanye abavelisi baya kusebenzisa iiphaneli ze-acoustic foam kwiindonga kunye neesilingi, ezifunxa amaza angaphezulu aphezulu ngelixa uvumela amaza e-bass ukuba adlule ngokungachukunyiswanga abenze balungele ukubamba ngcono amagama afihlakeleyo okanye izandi ze-harmonic ezinjengeentambo okanye izixhobo zobhedu.

Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo indawo ye-acoustical kunye nokuchonga iingxaki ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nokurekhoda kwindawo ethile umntu kufuneka asebenzise izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifana neemitha ze-SPL (inqanaba loxinzelelo lwesandi) okanye iimitha zokubuyisela (RT60). Oku kuvumela ukuseta imakrofoni echanekileyo phambi kokuba ucinezele irekhodi nto leyo ekhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu esandi esicacileyo seeprojekthi zokuvelisa ividiyo.

Ukubekwa kweMakrofoni

Ukubekwa kwemakrofoni yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezichaphazela umgangatho wesandi. Xa ubeka imakrofoni ukuze urekhodwe, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubume begumbi, imiboniso kunye nesenzi esinokwenzeka okanye i-echoes. Okukhona i-microphone isondele kumthombo, isandi sayo sendalo kunye nobomi siya kuba. Ukubeka i-mic kufutshane nomthombo kuya kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izandi kwigumbi.

Ukunciphisa ukuphindaphinda, sebenzisa izixhobo ezifunxayo ezinje ngekhethini, iipaneli zogwebu, iikhaphethi ezinzima kunye noomatrasi ejikeleze imakrofoni yakho. Ukuba ufuna ukususa imakrofoni yakho kude netalente yakho okanye uyisuse kwindawo yesiganeko, tyala imali kwi-lavalier okanye umpu / ikhamera ekwazi ukukhwela imakrofoni ukuze ukwazi ukuyibuyisela ngokulula ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umgangatho womsindo okanye ukuhambelana kwesigaba. Ukunciphisa ingxolo engasemva nangakumbi, sebenzisa isikrini somoya okanye isihluzo sepop xa urekhoda ngaphandle.

Xa urekhoda ngaphakathi endlini kunye nabantu abaninzi abathetha ngaxeshanye, okona kulungileyo ukubeka iimayikhrofoni ezininzi ezijikeleze italente kunokuba ube nemakrofoni enye ye-omnidirectional enokuthi ithathe sonke isandi ngokungakhethiyo. Oku kuvumela ulwahlulo olungcono phakathi kwesithethi ngasinye ukunciphisa ukopha okungafunwayo phakathi kweemakrofoni nokuphucula ukucaca kwesandi ngeenjongo zokuhlela kamva. Kukwaluncedo ukongeza i-mic engaphezulu ebamba ukurekhodwa kwe-ambient yomntu wonke kwigumbi lethu onokuthi emva koko udibanise noshicilelo olusondeleyo lwemic ngelixa uhlela ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Ukulungiswa komsindo

Ukusetyenzwa kweAudio kukusetyenziswa kokwenziwa komqondiso wedijithali kwiisignali ezivakalayo ukuze zivakale ngcono. Ukucutshungulwa komsindo kunokubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwesandi, ukunciphisa ingxolo, izilinganisi, kunye nolawulo lwevolumu phakathi kwezinye izinto. Ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokucutshungulwa komsindo ziquka ukuhluza ingxolo yangasemva, ukwandisa i-bass okanye iithowuni ezijikelezayo, ukunciphisa ubuninzi be-rumble-frequency rumble kunye nokujongana nayo nayiphi na imiba yokusika.

Eyona njongo iphambili yokusetyenzwa komsindo kukuphucula umgangatho wesandi ngokubanzi ngokuphucula ukucaca kunye nokuqondakala komqondiso wesandi ngelixa ngaxeshanye unciphisa nayiphi na ingxolo engafunekiyo enokuphazamisa ukuqonda. Ukusetyenzwa kweAudio kunokunceda ukwenza isandi esihlanganisiweyo sibe nesandi sendalo ngakumbi kuba izandi ezenziweyo azisoloko zitolika kakuhle kwimeko yelizwe lokwenyani. Ngokulawula imiqondiso yesandi ngendlela eya kwandisa ukucaca kunye nokuthembeka, kwenza kube lula kubaphulaphuli ukuchonga intetho phezu kwengxolo engasemva ephazamisayo kunye nezinye izandi ezinokunciphisa umgangatho wayo.

Kuseto lwemveliso yevidiyo, iiprosesa zeaudio ziluncedo kakhulu kwimisebenzi yasemva kwemveliso ngokwenza abahleli bacoce ngokukhawuleza iindawo ezinengxaki kwiirekhodi zabo ezinje ngee-hums okanye ingxolo yangasemva ngaphandle kokufuna ukwenza into nganye ngesandla. Oku konga ixesha kunye namandla kuba umhleli akufuneki abe nexhala malunga nokujongana noseto oluntsonkothileyo kunye neebhodi zokuxuba kwakhona - konke abakufunayo kukuqonda kakuhle ukuba iiparamitha abazifunayo ziya kuguqulelwa njani kwisiphumo sokugqibela. Ukuba ufuna isandi esicacileyo seevidiyo zakho ke ukutyala imali kwiprosesa yeaudio esebenzayo kunokukongela ubunzima kwaye uphucule umgangatho wemveliso yakho iyonke!

Iindlela zokuPhucula uMgangatho weZandi

Umgangatho wesandi yinto ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yevidiyo, njengoko iaudio elungileyo inokwenza ividiyo ibe nefuthe ngakumbi. Ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, unokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho wesandi sevidiyo yakho. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxoxa ngezinye iindlela onokuzisebenzisa ukuze uqinisekise iaudio ekumgangatho ophezulu kwiividiyo zakho.

Sebenzisa isiXhobo sokuMamela esikwiMgangatho oPhezulu

Kwihlabathi lokuveliswa kwevidiyo, umgangatho wesandi ngumlinganiselo wendlela isandi esirekhodiweyo nesicutshungulwayo esinokuviwa ngayo. Umgangatho wesandi ongekho mgangathweni unokukhokelela kwisandi esigqwethekileyo esingacacanga, esithe cwaka kakhulu, okanye esingxola kakhulu. Kukho amanyathelo ambalwa abalulekileyo okuphucula umgangatho ozwakalayo wemveliso yevidiyo.

Elinye lawona manyathelo abalulekileyo kukusebenzisa izixhobo zomsindo ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Izixhobo zomsindo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziya kongeza ukucaca kunye nobukho bubonke kwizandi zakho ngelixa zikwabonelela ngolawulo oluchanekileyo ngakumbi kumanqanaba kunye namandla angcono okunciphisa ingxolo. Utyalo-mali kwiimakrofoni ezilungileyo, ii-preamplifiers, abaxube bedijithali, iiprosesa kunye nezinye izixhobo ngundoqo ekufezekiseni isandi esikumgangatho ophezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izixhobo ezinexabiso eliphantsi zinokwanela xa urekhoda intetho okanye izandi ezilula ezingasemva kodwa izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kufuneka zisetyenziselwe ukuntsonkotha. umculo ukurekhodwa kunye nemveliso eyamkelekileyo yenqanaba losasazo kwiiprojekthi zobuchwephesha ezifana neefilimu okanye iinkqubo zikamabonakude.

Elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuphucula umgangatho wesandi sakho kukutyalomali kwi-acoustics efanelekileyo yendawo yakho yokurekhoda- oku kubandakanya ukongeza iipaneli zonyango ukuze ufunxe ii-reverberations ezigqithisileyo kwiindonga okanye kwezinye izinto ezikwindawo yakho kunye nokusebenzisa ii-acoustic baffles ezibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo malunga ne-microphone ukuze ufumane umkhombandlela ochanekileyo. iimpawu zokuphendula. Ngokunciphisa imiboniso kwindawo yakho unceda ukuqinisekisa ukurekhoda okucacileyo kunye nokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okungeyomfuneko kwi-echo okanye ukuphindaphinda okugqithisileyo.

Sebenzisa Unyango lwe-Acoustic lweGumbi

Unyango olufanelekileyo lwe-acoustic lwegumbi lunokunceda ukuphucula umgangatho wesandi sayo nayiphi na imveliso yevidiyo. Ukuqala ngegumbi elinobungakanani obufanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho zesandi, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuqwalasela unyango lwe-acoustic olufana neepaneli zodonga, i-bass trap kunye ne-diffusers. Iiphaneli zodonga zinokufunxa amaza omsindo aphantsi kwaye zinciphise ixesha lokuphinda umva, zivumela ukuphulaphula ngokuchanekileyo. Imigibe ye-Bass inceda ukuqulatha i-frequencies ephantsi kwiikona kwaye yenze i-flatter frequency response kuluhlu lwezwi. Ii-diffusers zisasazekile kwigumbi lonke, zivumela amandla esandi ukuba akhululwe ngokulungeleleneyo macala onke kwiifrikhwensi ezininzi, ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwangaphambili kunye nengxolo engacwangciswanga kwimekobume yokurekhodwa kwesandi esicocekileyo. Ukufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo, i-acoustician inokuqeshwa ukuba ivavanye indawo yoyilo lwe-acoustic olugqibeleleyo kwaye ibonelele ngezinto ezizodwa ezinxulumene nokufunxa kunye nokusasazwa kwamaza esandi kwiindawo ezithile zesitudiyo sokuvelisa okanye indawo yokusebenza.

Sebenzisa i-Audio Processing

Ukusebenzisa iprosesa yesandi yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphucula umgangatho wesandi. Iiprosesa zomsindo zizixhobo ezikuvumela ukuba uthathe isiginali ye-audio kwaye uyiguqule ngandlela ithile njenge-EQ, ucinezelo, ukunciphisa kunye nokunye. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zakho zomgangatho wesandi, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeprosesa ezikhoyo.

Umzekelo, icompressor inciphisa amanqanaba eaudiyo ukuze izandi ezingxolayo kakhulu okanye ezithambileyo zibekwe ngaphandle ukuze zingagqwethi okanye zingavakali ngexesha lokudlala. Ikwanceda ukunciphisa ingxolo yangasemva. I-EQ ikuvumela ukuba ulungelelanise umxube weefrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwengoma yolawulo oluchanekileyo ngaphezulu kwebhalansi yesandi sakho. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona izenzi kunye nokulibaziseka ukwenza i-ambiance kunye nobunzulu ngaphakathi kokurekhoda kwakho.

Iiprosesa zeAudio zinokukunceda uphucule umgangatho waso nasiphi na isandi orekhodayo kwaye zikunike ulawulo olukhulu kwindlela esivakala ngayo kwimveliso yokugqibela. Nokuba kudala iithowuni ezityebileyo zelizwi kunye nesenzi / ukulibaziseka okanye ukuqinisa imixube ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zohlengahlengiso, esi sixhobo sinokukunceda ukuguqula isandi sakho sibe yinto ephawuleka ngokwenene!

isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, umgangatho wesandi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yevidiyo eyimpumelelo. Kwanomfanekiso odutyulwe ngendlela encomekayo unokonakala ukuba isandi asikho kumgangatho ofanayo. Ngethamsanqa, kukho ubuchule obunokugcina isandi ukuba singavakali singenanto kwaye sicaba, kunye nezixhobo eziza kwenza ukuba isandi sakho sihambelane nenqanaba kunye nokucaca kwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ukusebenzisa iimakrofoni ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukubamba incoko yababini, ukubamba isandi kwimithombo emininzi, ukuphakamisa ingxolo yendawo amanqanaba emiboniso ezolileyo kunye nokusebenzisa imida ukunqanda ukugqwetheka konke kunokunceda ukugcina umgangatho olungileyo weaudio kwimveliso yakho yevidiyo. Nokuba luhlobo luni lwevidiyo olwenzayo, ukugxila ekuphuculeni ubuchule bakho bokurekhoda kunokuhlawula ulwaneliseko oluphezulu lwabathengi ngemveliso yakho egqityiweyo.

Molo, ndinguKim, umama kunye nomthandi we-stop-motion onemvelaphi kwindalo yemidiya kunye nophuhliso lwewebhu. Ndinothando olukhulu lokuzoba kunye noopopayi, kwaye ngoku ndintywila kuqala kwihlabathi le-stop-motion. Ngebhlog yam, ndabelana nawe ngokufunda kwam.