Ukujula Kwenkambu: Kuyini Kumakhamera?

ngo kim Kubuyekezwe: June 28, 2022

Ukujula kwenkambu (i-DOF) kuyindlela yezithombe engakusiza ukuthi ukhiqize izithombe ezinemiphumela emihle yokubuka. Inhloso yayo enkulu ukugcina indawo okugxilwe kuyo ekugxilweni okubukhali kuyilapho ama-elementi angemuva evela ethambile futhi efiphele.

Kungumqondo obalulekile okufanele uwuqonde uma ubheke ukuthatha izithombe ezibukeka kahle.

Kulesi sihloko, sizobe sibheka ukuthi yini I-DoF ukuthi, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani ibalulekile.

Kuyini Ukujula Kwensimu?

Ukudepha kwenkundla, noma I-DoF, isho ububanzi bokucija okwamukelekayo ngaphakathi kwesithombe. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ukunquma ukuthi singakanani isigcawu esigxilile nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi kuvumela abathwebuli bezithombe ukuthi bakhe izingoma ezithokozisayo nezisebenzayo. Ngokuvamile, indawo lapho izinto zibonakala zicijile ngokwamukelekayo, yonke into engaphandle kwale ndawo ibonakala ilufifi njengoba ibanga ukusuka endaweni okugxilwe kuyo likhuphuka.

Njengetemu lobuchwepheshe, ukujula kwenkambu kuchaza ibanga phakathi kwezindawo eziseduze nezikude lapho noma iyiphi ingxenye yesithombe isengabonakala ibukhali ngokwamukelekayo. Thatha isibonelo into eqhele ngamafidi ayi-10 ukusuka kuwe: uma ukujula kwendawo yakho bekungamafidi ayi-10 khona-ke yonke into engaphakathi kwamafidi ayi-10 izobe igxile; uma ukujula kwakho kwenkambu bekungamafidi angu-5 kuphela noma yini ephakathi kwamamitha angu-5-10 izogxila; futhi uma ukujula kwenkambu yakho bekuwunyawo olungu-1, khona-ke noma yini phakathi kwalolo nyawo olungu-1 izohlala ibukhali ngokwamukelekayo kuyilapho yonke enye into izofiphala noma ingagxili.

Kunezici ezimbalwa ezithinta ukujula kwenkambu njenge:

• Usayizi wembobo (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-f-stop)
• Ubude be-Focal (ubude bokugxila ngokuvamile bunobudlelwano obuphambene ne-DOF)
• Ibanga ngesihloko (lapho usondela entweni lapho i-DOF yakho izoba ncane khona).

Kubalulekile ukujwayelana nendlela isici ngasinye esithinta ngayo i-DOF ukuze ukwazi ukusisebenzisa kahle lapho uthwebula izithombe.

Kusebenza Kanjani Ukujula Kwensimu?

Ukujula kwenkambu (i-DOF) kuyindlela esetshenziswa ekuthwebuleni ukuze kulawulwe ububanzi bokugxila, noma yiziphi izingxenye zesithombe ezibonakala zigxilile futhi ezingabonisi. Isebenza ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuvula ikhamera ukuze kutholwe inani lokukhanya elizovunyelwa ngelensi kanye nenzwa yesithombe.

Ipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu ethonya ukujula kwenkambu ngu ubude obugxile. Njengoba lokhu kwanda, i-DOF iyancipha kunoma yikuphi ukuvuleka okunikiwe - ubude bendawo ende buzokwenza izimbobo ezincane zikhiqize ukujula kwenkundla okungashoni kunobude obufushane bokugxila; lo mphumela uba sobala kakhulu njengoba amandla okukhulisa ekhuphuka.

Ukujula kwenkambu nakho kungathintwa ezinye izici, ezihlanganisa:

• Ibanga phakathi kwesihloko nesizinda
• Ibanga phakathi kwesihloko nelensi
• Uhlobo Lens
• Ukusebenzisa i-flash yangaphandle

Ngayinye inomthelela ekutheni bungakanani ububanzi obuzowela ekugxilweni okubukhali kunoma iyiphi indawo enikeziwe yokuvula.

Ukuze unikeze isithombe esibukhali, kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zakhi lapho wenza izinqumo zokuqamba kanye ukusetha izilungiselelo zekhamera - kodwa ekugcineni kukuwe ukuthi ufuna izinto ezisondelene noma eziqhelelene zinikezwe amazinga ahlukene okucija ngaphakathi kohlaka olulodwa!

Izinhlobo Zokujula Kwenkambu

Ukujula Kwenkambu (DOF) isho ibanga phakathi kwamaphoyinti aseduze nakude kakhulu esithombeni esibonakala sigxilile. Kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu okufanele bonke abathwebuli bezithombe basiqonde lapho bethatha izithombe, njengoba kusiza ukwakha isithombe esibukeka sisezingeni eliphezulu.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko Zokujula Kwenkundla: Akuphansi futhi Deep. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili futhi sixoxe ngokuthi ungasebenzisa nini enye phezu komunye.

Ukujula Kwenkambu Engajulile

Ukujula kwenkambu okungajulile, obeye aziwe njengo 'ukugxila okukhethiwe'noma ukujula okufushane kwenkundla, umphumela ovela lapho umthwebuli wezithombe efuna ukuthi ingemuva lingagxili futhi isihloko sigxile kakhulu. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokusetha indawo yokuvula imbobo noma ilensi endaweni yayo ebanzi kakhulu (aphansi f-stop) okuholela kumphumela wokufiphala. Ukujula kwensimu nakho kuyasiza hlukanisa isihloko endaweni esizungezile futhi donsela ukunaka kuso.

Ukujula kwensimu okungajulile kungasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimo - indawo evulekile ebanzi noma imigwaqo yedolobha eqinile. Lolu hlobo lokuthatha izithombe luwusizo ikakhulukazi ekufanekisweni, njengoba lunikeza umuzwa omangalisayo futhi okhangayo eduze kwesihloko. Ingasetshenziselwa ukubukeka kwezwe, izakhiwo kanye nezithombe zomkhiqizo futhi.

Lapho udala ukujula okungajulile kwezithombe zensimu kunezinye izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe:

• ibanga esihlokweni sakho
• I-Angle maqondana nesihloko sakho
• Ubude bokugxila belensi
• Ukulungiselelwa kwembobo
• Lighting konke kuthinta ukuthi mingakanani imininingwane ethwetshulwe esithombeni.

Ukuze uthole izifundo ezibukhali ezinengemuva elifiphele kudinga ukuhlola ngamasu ahlukene afana nokusebenzisa i-engeli ebanzi ama-lens ezindaweni ezinkulu noma amalensi amade ezikhaleni eziqinile. Ukwengeza ukugxila ku amabanga ahlukene esihlokweni sakho izonikeza imiphumela ehluke kancane ngakho-ke zijwayeze ukugxila amaphuzu phakathi kwemitha elilodwa nokungapheli uze uthole imiphumela oyifunayo.

Ukujula Kwenkambu

Ukujula kwenkambu kwenzeka lapho yonke into kuhlaka igxile kusukela ngaphambili kuya ngemuva. Lo mphumela utholakala ngokusebenzisa i-a indawo encane, noma i-f-stop, on wakho ikhamera ukunciphisa indawo engagxilile. Ngenkathi ukusebenzisa indawo encane kuzonciphisa ukukhanya kwakho okutholakalayo, kungase kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthwebuleni kwe-landscape noma ukuthwebula kwezithombe okuyidokhumentari lapho ufuna uhlaka lwakho lugxile kakhulu.

Isebenza kahle uma unento esondela eduze noma kude futhi usafuna yonke into yeshothi yakho ekugxilweni kwayo ngisho nalapho behamba emkhathini. Ukujula kwensimu kungasetshenziswa misa isenzo njengokungathi othile ogijimayo noma inyoni endizayo kuyilapho egxilise yonke enye into ngendlela efanele. Kuye ngezici zemvelo, ukuzuza ukujula kwenkambu kungase kudinge ukuvala ilensi phansi f/16 futhi ngokunokwenzeka f/22 - ngakho kuyakhokha ukwazi izilungiselelo zekhamera yakho futhi uyisebenzise ngokuhlakanipha!

Izinto Ezithinta Ukujula Kwenkambu

Ukudepha kwenkundla umqondo ohlobene nokuthwebula izithombe ngamakhamera, futhi uthintwa izici ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zici zifaka uhlobo lwelensi oyisebenzisayo, i-f-stop yelensi, ubude bokugxila, kanye nebanga lesihloko ukusuka kunzwa yekhamera. Zonke lezi zici zidlala indima ekunqumeni ukujula kwenkambu esithombeni, futhi ukuziqonda kubalulekile ekudaleni amashothi aphoqayo.

Ake sibheke ngayinye yazo ngokuningiliziwe:

• Uhlobo lwelensi oyisebenzisayo
• I-F-stop yelensi
• Ubude be-Focal
• Ibanga lesihloko kusuka kunzwa yekhamera

Imbobo

Usayizi wembobo oyikhethayo uzoba nomthelela omkhulu kweyakho ukujula kwensimu. Imbobo isilinganiso sokuthi ivuleke kangakanani ilensi, futhi iyona evumela ukukhanya kungene kwikhamera. Imbobo enkulu ihlinzeka ngokujula kwenkambu engajulile ngakho isihloko sakho kuphela esigxilile, kuyilapho indawo encane yokungena idala inkambu ejulile ukuze ukwazi ukuthwebula okwengeziwe kuzinto zokugxilisa ingqondo zesigcawu sakho. Ngokulungisa usayizi wesimbobo sakho - esibuye sibizwe ngokuthi saso f-stop - ungashintsha ukuthi yiziphi izici ezihlala zigxile kakhulu futhi ezingagxili kakhulu. Okukhudlwana f-stop izinombolo zimelela izimbobo ezincane kuyilapho ezincane f-stop izinombolo zimelela izimbobo ezinkulu.

Ukwengeza, amanye amalensi aklanyelwe ukunikeza ukujula okuhlukene kwenkundla ngobude obuhlukene bokugxila njengokuthi amalensi esithombe anobude bokugxila okude ukunikeza inkambu ukujula okungashoni kakhulu kunamalensi ama-engeli abanzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma usebenzisa amalensi okuma ngobude, ungakwazi ukugcina izinto ezimbalwa zigxile ngisho nezimbobo ezivulekile ezibanzi noma ufinyelele ukujula okungashoni nakakhulu okunamalensi okwakheka kwezwe okufanayo lapho usebenzisa izimbobo zokuvula ezinosayizi omncane noma omaphakathi. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe amalensi-enyakazisa amalensi ezengeza izici ezengeziwe ezilungele ukuthola ukulawula phezu kokulungiswa kokubuka okujulile, lo mqondo uba obaluleke nakakhulu.

Ubude bokugxila

Ubude be-Focal ingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta ukujula kwenkundla ekuthwebuleni. Ubude be-focal i-engeli yokubuka noma ububanzi bokusondeza belensi, ngokuvamile ivezwa ngamamilimitha. Ilensi engu-50mm ithathwa njengelensi evamile, kanti ilensi ene-engeli ebanzi inobude bokugxila obungaphansi kuka-35mm. Ilensi ye-telephoto inobude bokugxila obukhulu kuno-85mm.

Uma ubude bokugxila bube bubude, i-engeli yokubuka izoba mncane - futhi ukujula kwenkambu kuzoba kuncane. Lo mphumela ungaba wusizo lapho uzama ukuthola ukwehlukana nengemuva lokudutshulwa kwesihloko esisodwa - izithombe, isibonelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalensi ama-engeli abanzi avame ukuba nokujula kwenkundla ngoba ulingana kakhulu nokudubula kwakho ngakho udinga indawo eyengeziwe lapho ugxile khona.

Lapho ubude bakho bokugxila bufushane, the kufanele sihambe kancane isivinini se-shutter yakho okungadala izinkinga ngokuzamazama kwekhamera kanye nezinkinga zokufiphaza ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi uma isivinini sakho sokuvala singasheshi ngokwanele ukumisa noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okwenzeka endaweni yakho njenge izihlahla eziphephuka umoya noma izingane ezigijimayo.

Ibanga lesihloko

Ibanga lesihloko i isici esibaluleke kakhulu uma kuziwa ekulawuleni i ukujula kwensimu ezithombeni zakho. Uma usondeza ikhamera eduze noma kude nesihloko sakho, ngisho nokunyakaza okuncane kungaba nomthelela ekubukhalini okuphelele kwesithombe.

Ngokuvamile, uma uhambisa ikhamera yakho eduze nesihloko, kuzokwenza ukwandisa ukujula kwenkambu futhi wenze isithombe sakho sibonakale sibukhali futhi sihlanzekile. Ngokuphambene, ukuhambisa ikhamera yakho kude nesihloko kuthanda nciphisa ukujula kwenkambu futhi wenze ama-elementi angaphambili nangemuva kwaleyo nto eyinhloko abonakale engagxilile.

Ukusebenzisa Ukujula Kwenkambu Ngobuciko

Ukujula Kwenkambu (DOF) iyithuluzi lokudala ezithombeni elingakusiza ukuthi ulawule ububanzi bokucija kwesithombe. Kungenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokudonsela ukunaka ezintweni ezithile zokuqamba kwakho.

Kulesi sigaba, sizobheka ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani I-DoF ukuthatha izithombe ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, kusukela ekumeni kuya ekubukeni kwezwe.

Ukudala Ingemuva Elifiphaziwe

Ukudepha kwenkundla kuyindlela yokuthatha izithombe esiza ukuletha ukugxila esihlokweni sakho esiyinhloko kuyilapho ufiphalisa ingemuva, udala izithombe ezinhle ezigcwele ukuphila nokunyakaza. Le ndlela izuze ukusekelwa kwayo ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuvula yekhamera ukuze ilawule ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okungenayo inzwa, yona ilawula ukuthi ububanzi noma buncane kangakanani ububanzi bokugxila esithombeni.

Usebenzisa lezi zilungiselelo, ungakha ingemuva elithambile eline-bokeh elihle elincoma kahle izifundo zakho eziyinhloko. Uma uthatha izithombe ezinengemuva elifiphele, ngokuvamile ochwepheshe bazosetha amakhamera abo ukuthi asetshenziswe imodi yokungena kuqala ngembobo evulekile ebanzi njenge f/1.4 noma f/2.8. Ngalesi silungiselelo, yonke into ngemuva nangaphambi kwesihloko sakho esiyinhloko ingaphandle kokujula kwendiza futhi izoba ngaphandle kokugxila noma ifiphele lapho iboniswa esithombeni.

Ukuba nezilungiselelo ezilungile zokujula kwenkundla kungaphinda kwengeze izici zokudala ezifana nokuvuleka kwamalensi neminye imiphumela yobuciko engenza izingcezu ezimangalisayo zobuciko bezithombe.

Ngokusetha amalensi ekhamera yakho ukuze udale ukujula kwezinkambu lapho uthwebula izithombe ungakwazi manje ukuhlukanisa izici zezithombe zakho kuyilapho wazisa ababukeli ukuthi yini ofuna bayiqaphele kakhulu—isihloko esiseduze! Njengoba abathwebuli bezithombe beqhubeka nokwenza kahle ubuciko babo futhi besebenzisa lezi zilungiselelo kaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bazoqiniseka ukuthi bazoqhamuka nezindlela ezintsha zokufiphalisa ingemuva ngendlela efanele kanye nokudalula ubuhlakani ekuthwebuleni ngakunye!

Ukuhlukanisa Isihloko

Ukudepha kwenkundla ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto eziseduze nezikude kakhulu ezivela ekugxileni okubukhali ngokwamukelekayo esithombeni. Uma usebenzisa ukujula kwenkambu ngobuciko, ungakwazi hlukanisa isihloko endaweni esizungezile. Izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko imbobo kanye nobude bokugxila.

Ubude bokugxila okude benza ukujula kwenkambu okungashoni futhi akunikezi indawo enkulu yokuhlukanisa isihloko endaweni esizungezile. Ilensi ye-engeli ebanzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokujula okukhulu kwenkundla okuvumela indawo eningi ukuhlukanisa isihloko nesizinda saso nezinye izinto ezingenelelayo ekugxilwe kuzo.

Isilungiselelo sokuvula esikhulu (ngokuvamile f/1.8 noma f/2) kuzosiza ukufeza lo mphumela ohlukanisa isihloko sakho nesizinda saso ngokusenza sibe bukhali ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye okungemuva kwaso - unikeze ukugcizelela okwengeziwe esihlokweni sakho kuyilapho unaka kancane kukho konke okwenzeka ngaso. Ilensi yobubanzi obumaphakathi enokugxila okwenziwa ngesandla (f/2.8 ilungile) izophinde igcizelele lo mphumela uma isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nomthombo wokukhanya wokwenziwa njengokukhanya noma izibonisi eziqondiwe okusiza ukuhlukanisa okuvelele entweni ethwebulwayo futhi enikeza ukulawula okwengeziwe kwesimo sokukhanya.

Lolu hlobo lokuthatha izithombe lunikeza abathwebuli bezithombe ukulawula izithombe zabo ngokufiphalisa noma ukufihla izinto ezisusa kulokho okufanele kugxilwe kuzo okuyinhloko - ngokuvamile okuholela ezimweni ezicatshangelwayo ezinezihloko ezishiwo kakhulu ezibekwe zodwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokunqampuna okuqondile!

Ukusebenzisa Ukujula Kwenkambu Ukuxoxa Indaba

Ukusebenzisa a ukujula kwensimu okungashoni ukuxoxa indaba kuyithuluzi elibonakalayo elinamandla ngendlela emangalisayo elivumela ababukeli ukuthi bagxile ezingxenyeni ezithile zesithombe. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, abathwebuli bezithombe bangadonsela ukunaka ezintweni ezithile ngaphakathi kwesithombe, benze izithombe ezithakazelisayo nezinobuciko eziheha ababukeli.

Isibonelo, umthwebuli wezithombe angase akhethe ukusebenzisa indawo ejulile ukuze afane nesithombe ukuze afiphalise ingemuva futhi enze ubuso bomuntu buhlale bungaphakathi. ukugxila okubukhali. Le nqubo ivumela iso lombukeli ukuthi lidonswe ngokushesha ekukhulumeni komuntu, okuthuthukisa umphumela womzwelo odluliswa esithombeni. Lokhu kungase kusebenze kakhulu uma uthwebula abantu besenza okuthile noma labo abamatasa ngokuthile (umsebenzi noma umsebenzi).

Esinye isibonelo kungaba ukusebenzisa ukujula kwenkambu lapho uthwebula ama-landscape noma amadolobha. Ngokufiphalisa izici ngemuva, abathwebuli bezithombe bangagcizelela imininingwane engaphakathi kwebanga labo lokugxila futhi basize ukudala izingoma ezishukumisayo ngokuhola izibukeli ezizungezile ngaphakathi kohlaka. Abathwebuli bezithombe bangase futhi bakhethe ukusebenzisa le ndlela uma kunezinto eziphazamisayo ngemuva kwesihloko sabo esiyinhloko. Ukufiphalisa lokhu kuzokwenza isihloko sabo sigqame ngempumelelo uma sishuthwe ngayo yonke enye into egxile kakhulu.

Nakuba usebenzisa i-deep dof (imbobo enkulu) kuvame kakhulu kubathwebuli bezithombe bendawo ngenxa yekhono layo lokugcina zonke izinto ezingaphambili nezizinda zicacile futhi zibonakala kuyilapho kuhlanganiswa nokuchayeka okude, ukuba nolwazi oluthile ngokuthi kungafika nini futhi kuphi kuwusizo kubalulekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwezithombe ozenzayo kusukela lapho. kungaba usizo kakhulu ngolunye usuku njengethuluzi elengeziwe elisiza ukuveza ubuhlakani bakho nangokwengeziwe!

Isiphetho

Ngokuqonda ukujula kwensimu, ungakwazi ukulawula imiphumela futhi usebenzise amathuba okudala eliwanikezayo. Ukudepha kwenkundla ithinta indlela isihloko esikhulu esigqama ngayo endaweni ezungezile, ngakho ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuthi yimaphi amalensi owafunayo nokuthi uzosebenza kanjani ngawo. Ukuqaphela ukujula kwensimu futhi ikusiza ukuthi ulungise izilungiselelo zakho nendawo yakho yokudubula, ukuze ukwazi ukuthwebula izithombe okufanele ube nazo ukuze udale ucezu lwesithombe olunomthelela omkhulu.

Sawubona, nginguKim, umama kanye nomshisekeli we-stop-motion onesizinda ekudalweni kwemidiya nokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu. Nginothando olukhulu lokudweba nokugqwayiza, futhi manje sengingena ngekhanda emhlabeni onyakazayo. Ngebhulogi yami, ngabelana ngezifundo zami nani bafana.