IRE: Kuyini Ekukalweni Kwezimpawu Zevidiyo Ehlanganisiwe?

ngo kim Kubuyekezwe: June 29, 2022

I-Intereventrectangularity (IRE) isilinganiso sokukhanya okuhlobene kwesiginali yevidiyo, esetshenziselwa ividiyo eyinhlanganisela.

Ikalwa ngamayunithi abizwa ngokuthi ama-IRE, okuyisilinganiso sika-0-100, u-0 abe ngomnyama kakhulu futhi u-100 abe ogqame kakhulu.

I-IRE yamukelwe kabanzi ngabasakazi abaningi nonjiniyela bevidiyo njengendlela yokulinganisa nokulinganisa ukukhanya kwesiginali yevidiyo.

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuthi iyini i-IRE nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ekukalweni kwezimpawu zevidiyo eziyinhlanganisela.

Incazelo ye-IRE

I-IRE imele "Institute of Radio Engineers." Kuyisikali esisetshenziswa ekulinganiseni amasiginali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela, ngokuvamile evezwa njengephesenti leleveli “emnyama” eyinkomba kanye nezinga elimhlophe eliphakeme (kumasistimu aseMelika) noma amazinga amnyama ayisithenjwa amhlophe (ngamazwe aseYurophu nakwamanye). Inani ngokujwayelekile liboniswa kumayunithi e-IRE ku-oscilloscope, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ezisuka ku-0 IRE (emnyama) kuye ku-100 IRE (emhlophe).

Igama elithi IRE lisuselwa kunjiniyela e-RCA ngeminyaka yawo-1920 futhi lamiswa phakathi konjiniyela bethelevishini ukuze balinganise amasiginali wevidiyo. Selokhu yamukelwa izinhlangano zamazinga omhlaba amaningana, yaba isilinganiso esamukelekayo sakho kokubili izinga lokuskena komugqa we-TV nokujula kokushintshashintsha. Njengoba umkhiqizi ngamunye ekala amathuluzi akhe ngendlela ehlukile, lapho usebenza kuwo wonke amasistimu amaningi kubalulekile ukuqonda la manani ahlukene futhi uwalungise ngokufanele ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza okufanele.

Umlando we-IRE

I-IRE (ebizwa ngokuthi 'eye-rayhee') imele i-Institution of Radio Engineers futhi yasungulwa ngo-1912 njengomphakathi oqeqeshiwe wonjiniyela bemisakazo. I-IRE isebenzise indinganiso yamasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela afaka ukulinganiswa kwezincazelo ezimnyama nezimhlophe kusignali kagesi ethulwa kudivayisi yokubonisa isithombe.

I-IRE isetshenziselwe ukukala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpawu zevidiyo, njengokuthi; I-NTSC, i-PAL, i-SECAM, i-HDMI ne-DVI. I-NTSC isebenzisa incazelo ehlukile ye-IRE kunezinye izinhlelo, isebenzisa i-7.5 IRE yezinga elimnyama esikhundleni sika-0 IRE osetshenziswa amanye amazinga okwenza kube nzima ukuqhathanisa lezi zinhlelo ezimbili.

I-PAL isebenzisa u-0 IRE kuleveli emnyama kanye ne-100 IRE yeleveli emhlophe eyivumela ukuthi iqhathaniswe kalula namanye amasistimu ombala afana ne-NTSC ne-SECAM. Izimpawu zokucaca okuphezulu njenge-HDMI ne-DVI zisebenzisa incazelo ephakeme nakakhulu enemibala ejulile efana no-16-235 noma 16-240 echazwa amazinga e-HDMI 2.0a lapho ububanzi obugcwele bungamavelu angu-230 noma angu-240 ngokulandelana kulandele u-16 ochaza umnyama kuyilapho u-256 ichaza izinga elimhlophe ngokuhambisanayo.

Isimo sesimanje siguqukela kumafomethi edijithali afana ne-HDMI ebambelela kangcono nomsindo wesifunda kodwa esadinga ukulinganisa okufanele njengoba namafomethi edijithali adinga ukuvumelanisa okunembile phakathi kwamasignali okokufaka afana nezidlali ze-DVD, izidlali ze-Blu-ray noma ama-game console angase abe nokutolikwa okuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa enye nenye ngokuphathelene namasignali okukhiphayo akhiqizwayo ngokuphathelene nezinguquko ezenziwe kuzo ngokombono wabasebenzisi bokugcina njengokukhanya noma ukugqama kusethi yethelevishini ngokwayo.

Iyini I-IRE?

I-IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) isifinyezo esivame ukusetshenziswa lapho kuxoxwa ngezimpawu zevidiyo eziyinhlanganisela. Kuyiyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukugqama, umbala, nokukhanya kwesignali yevidiyo, kanye namaleveli omsindo. I-IRE iphinde isetshenziselwe ukunquma amafomethi wevidiyo eyinhlanganisela nezilinganiso esizindeni se-analog. Ake sibhekisise i-IRE nezinhlelo zayo ezihlukahlukene.

Isetshenziswa Kanjani I-IRE Kuzimpawu Zevidiyo?

I-IRE, noma i-Inverse Relative Exposure, iyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukumela ubukhulu besiginali yevidiyo. I-IRE ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwethelevishini nasekusakazeni umsakazo lapho kukala amasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela. Ngokuvamile kukalwa kububanzi obusuka ku-0 kuye ku-100 esikalini.

Isistimu yokulinganisa ye-IRE isekelwe endleleni iso elibona ngayo ukukhanya nombala—okufana nezinga lokushisa lombala elivame ukusetshenziselwa izincazelo zokukhanya okumhlophe. Kumasiginali wevidiyo, i-0 IRE ikhombisa ukuthi ayikho i-voltage yesiginali yevidiyo futhi i-100 IRE ikhombisa ubuningi bamandla kagesi angenzeka (ngokuyisisekelo, isithombe esimhlophe qhwa).

Lapho bekala amaleveli okukhanya, abakhiqizi bezinto zikagesi basebenzisa amasistimu esikali ahlukahlukene njengama-nits ezibukiso zikamabonakude ezikhanyisiwe ze-LED noma ama-foot-lamberts kwizibonisi ezijwayelekile ezifana namatiyetha wamamuvi. Nokho, lezi zikali zisekelwe emakhandlelani ngemitha yesikwele (cd/m²). Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-cd/m² njengenani lamandla omugqa wolwazi lokukhanya, amasiginali e-analog ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-IRE njengeyunithi yayo yokwenyuka kwamandla kagesi omugqa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezijwayelekile zokuzuza kwe-NTSC noma i-PAL.

Amanani e-IRE avame ukusetshenziswa embonini yokusakaza; onjiniyela bokusakaza bathembele kubo lapho belinganisa izinto zokusebenza ezithwebula noma ezisakaza amasiginali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela njengamakhamera nama-TV. Ngokuvamile, onjiniyela bokusakaza basebenzisa izinombolo eziphakathi kuka-0-100 lapho belungisa/balungisa amazinga omsindo nevidiyo ngesikhathi sokuqopha nokusakaza.

Ikalwa Kanjani I-IRE?

I-IRE imele i-Institute of Radio Engineers futhi iyiyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziswa lapho kukalwa amasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela. Ikalwa ngama-millivolts (mV) ukusuka ku-0 mV kuya ku-100 mV, okubonisa ububanzi obujwayelekile lapho amasiginali wevidiyo eyinhlanganisela kufanele awe khona ukuze asebenze kahle.

I-IRE isuka ku--40 iye ku-120 ngaphakathi kohlaka lwevidiyo ngayinye futhi lobo bubanzi buhlukaniswe ngamasegimenti ngamaphoyinti okuyisethenjwa abizwa ngamaphoyinti e-IRE. Lawa masignali abe eselinganiswa ukusuka ku-0 IRE (omnyama) kuya ku-100 IRE (emhlophe).

I-0 IRE iyinani langempela lomnyama wangempela futhi ihambisana cishe ne-7.5 mV peak-to-peak amplitude kusignali evamile ye-NTSC noma ne-1 V ukuphakama-kuya-peak amplitude kusiginali ye-PAL.

I-100IRE imele izinga elimhlophe elingu-100%, elilingana ne-voltage yesiginali engu-70 mV ukuphakama ukuya phezulu kusiginali ye-NTSC kanye ne-1 Volt peak-to-peak kusiginali ye-PAL; kuyilapho i-40 IRE ngaphansi kwezinga elimnyama (-40IRE) ku-300 mV ukuphakama-kuya-peak kusignali ye-NTSC noma i-4 Vand 50% grey ihambisana ne-35IRE (35% isikali esigcwele sedijithali).

Lawa maleveli asetshenziswa njengamaphoyinti ereferensi lapho kukalwa amaleveli ahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwesithombe, njengokukhanya kukonke noma izilawuli zokungafani kwesithombe, izinzuzo ze-luma noma ze-chroma noma amaleveli nezinye izilungiselelo ezifana namaleveli ezinyawo lapho kufanele khona.

Izinhlobo ze-IRE

Isilinganiso se-IRE sisetshenziselwa ukukala izinga le-amplitude lesignali yevidiyo eyinhlanganisela ye-analog. Imele "i-electrode yereferensi esheshayo" futhi isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi embonini yethelevishini yokusakaza. Uma kuziwa ku-IRE, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa isignali engahlukaniswa kuzo, kusukela kumayunithi ajwayelekile e-IRE kuya kumayunithi e-NTSC kanye ne-PAL IRE. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilinganiso ze-IRE kanye nomehluko phakathi kwazo.

IRE 0

I-IRE (ebizwa ngokuthi “i-eye-reel”) imele i-Institute of Radio Engineers, okuyiyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinga lesiginali yevidiyo. I-IRE isetshenziswa uma kukalwa amasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela.
Isilinganiso se-IRE sibalwa ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-100 futhi inombolo ngayinye imele inani lama-volts. Ukufundwa kwe-IRE 0 akumele nakancane i-voltage ehlobene kuyilapho ukufundwa kwe-IRE 100 kuzomela i-volt engu-1 noma izinga lokukhanya elingamaphesenti angu-100 ngokuhlobene nezinga elingenalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elingu-65 IRE lilingana no-735 millivolts (mV) noma ama-decibel anguziro okubhekiselwe ku-volt eyodwa peak-to-peak (dBV).

Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-IRE zihlanganisa:
-IRE 0: Ingamele i-voltage ehlobene, lolu hlobo lokulinganisa lungasetshenziswa ukubala i-overscan kanye ne-underscan ezithombeni eziskeniwe.
-IRE 15: Imele cishe ama-millivolts (mV) angama-25, isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukukala ukusika kuvulandi wangemuva kanye namazinga okusetha kumasiginali okusakaza.
-IRE 7.5/75%: Imele izinga le-AGC elimaphakathi (Automatic Gain Control); lolu hlobo lokulinganisa lubonisa ububanzi bokukhanya phakathi kwezingxenye ezinethunzi ngaphakathi kohlaka kanye nezingxenye ezigqanyisiwe ezingaphandle kohlaka.

IRE 7.5

I-IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) iyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukukala amasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela kumabonakude osakazwayo. Isilinganiso sokulinganisa se-IRE sisukela ku-0 kuye ku-100, nezinga lokuvumelanisa libe ngu-7.5 IRE. Lokhu kwethula i-7.5 IRE “njengereferensi emnyama” emele umnyama ogcwele wevidiyo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ochaza ububanzi besiginali obuphelele kumazinga wevidiyo afana ne-NTSC ne-PAL.

Ku-NTSC kanye nezicaciso zevidiyo eziyinhlanganisela ye-PAL, 'omnyama/omnyama kunomnyama' ngu-0-7.5 IRE, 'ukuvumelanisa ngezansi' ngu- -40 IRE, 30 'okumhlophe' kanye 'nokugqama kunokumhlophe' kungu-70-100 IRE ngokulandelanayo. okumhlophe kwaleli zinga elithile. Okubalulekile ukuqaphela lapha ukuthi amanani aphakathi kuka-0-7.5IRE awabonakali kodwa avame ukusiza ekunikezeni ukuvumelanisa okunembile noma ulwazi lwesikhathi olusetshenziswa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zamathelevishini ngenkathi yamukela/idlulisela amasignali e-TV; kuyilapho amanani angaphandle kobubanzi obungu-0-100 ANGASE avele kodwa kufanele agwenywe uma kungenzeka ngoba angabangela imiphumela emibi ekubonisweni/kwikhwalithi yokusebenza kukamabonakude osakazwayo.
Ukuqhathanisa kwesithombe kusetshenziswa izithunzi ezihlukene ezihlala kulawo maleveli kusiza ukuthuthukisa imininingwane yesithombe ngokuphawulekayo ukusibonisa ngokuchazwa okuphezulu kakhulu kuma-TV wesikrini amakhulu obekungaba nzima ukukubona kahle kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela ze-analog njenge-S-Video noma amasistimu e-antenna anentambo ye-RF.

IRE 15

I-IRE 15, eyaziwa nangokuthi ileveli engenalutho, ingenye yamayunithi okulinganisa amasignali asetshenziswa kuvidiyo eyinhlanganisela. Isignali yevidiyo eyinhlanganisela ihlanganisa ama-pulses avundlile naqondile kanye namasiginali wedatha wokukhanya kanye ne-chrominance. I-IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) iyunithi evamile esetshenziselwa ukukala ubukhulu balawa masignali. I-IRE 15 ihambisana nokuphuma kwamandla kagesi angu-0.3 volts ukuphakama kuya phezulu kusiginali ye-NTSC noma ama-volts angu-0 ukuphakama kuya phezulu kusiginali ye-PAL (i-NTSC ne-PAL kungamazinga okusakaza ngedijithali).

I-IRE 15 isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa uma ingxenye yesithombe ingenayo idatha - le ndawo yaziwa ngokuthi "indawo engenalutho". Itholakala phakathi kwenani eliphelele labamnyama kanye nezinga elimhlophe eliphelele - ngokuvamile i-7.5 IRE ngaphansi kwesamba sokungenalutho esisethwe ku-100 IRE. Ububanzi obusuka ku-0 IRE (ingqikithi emnyama) kuye ku-7.5 IRE inquma ukuthi isithombe sibonakala simnyama kangakanani esikrinini, okubonisa amandla aso okuveza imininingwane yethunzi noma ukuvezwa kobuciko phakathi kwezibani nemibala ehlukahlukene.

Lapho ulinganisa amasignali evidiyo, kubalulekile ukugcina i-7.5 V ifinyelela phezulu kuzo zonke izingxenye zesithombe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyo yonke imithombo ohlose ukuyibonisa - lokhu kuzoqinisekisa umbala olungile ngaphakathi kwesistimu yakho kokubili kokuqukethwe kwe-analog kwencazelo evamile kanye Amafomethi asuselwa ku-HDTV afana ne-ATSC, 1080p/24 njll. Uma ilinganiswa kahle ngo-100% abamhlophe (IRE 100) endaweni yokukhanya engeke icunule amehlo uma ubuka izigcawu ezijwayelekile ezinhlelweni ze-TV noma amamuvi, ngokwemvelo zonke izithunzi zingabonakala. kodwa ingakhanyi ngokweqile kuze kube yilapho icishe ingabonakali kanye namazinga amaningana abansundu ayengabonakala ehlukaniseka kalula kodwa ekhanga ngobuhle - Yingakho ukufinyelela izilungiselelo ezifanele (amazinga e-IRE) ngezinsimbi zesimanje manje sekubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uthola ikhwalithi. izithombe ezinembile ezivela ethiyetha yakho yasekhaya / ukusetha bukhoma kwesinema namuhla!

Izinzuzo ze-IRE

I-IRE (IEEE Standards Association Radiometric Equivalent) iyiyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukukala amasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela. Lena iyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziswa kakhulu kumishini yevidiyo echwepheshile. I-IRE inezinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ikhono lokulinganisa ngokunembile ukukhanya kanye namasiginali we-chrominance, okusiza ukudala ukubonwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinzuzo ze-IRE nokuthi kungani ibaluleke kangaka embonini yamavidiyo.

Ukukhiqiza Umbala Okunembile

I-IRE imele isikhungo sonjiniyela bamandla futhi yasungulwa ngo-1938. I-IRE iyiyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukukala ubude besiginali yevidiyo eyinhlanganisela. Ekukaleni isignali yevidiyo eyinhlanganisela, i-IRE inikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kombala okunembile.

I-IRE ivumela abafaki abangochwepheshe noma ochwepheshe ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthi imibala ikhiqizwa kabusha ngokunembile ngesiqapha sevidiyo lapho ilinganisa isistimu yevidiyo. Iyunithi ye-IRE ayikwazi ukukala kuphela inani lemigqa phakathi komnyama nomhlophe okhona esithombeni, kodwa futhi nokukhanya kwawo okuhlobene. Ngokunemba okunjalo, kulula ngesifaki noma uchwepheshe ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi imibala efanele ivela kusibonisi sesithombe sokugcina.

I-IRE isivumela ukuthi simise imishini ehambisanayo ukuze ikwazi ukufeza ukukhiqizwa kombala okunembile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwemishini esetshenziswayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibala emibalabala ebonwa ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ezihlukene izohlala ingashintshile kuwo wonke amashaneli namadivayisi okukhiphayo abandakanyekayo ekukhiqizeni izithombe noma amasignali evidiyo. Iziqaphi ezilinganiswe kahle noma izibonisi zingadlala indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi akukho ukungafani phakathi kwamathoni noma amathunzi kumadivayisi ahlukene phakathi nokudlala, ekugcineni kusinikeze izithombe ezicacile nezibukekayo ezinemibala namathoni akholekayo afana nomthombo wethu wokuqukethwe wangempela ngokunembile.

Ukulawula Ukukhanya Okunembile

I-Integrated Rise and Fall (IRE) isilinganiso esihlola ukukhanya kwamasignali evidiyo ayinhlanganisela. Leli zinga, elakhiwe yi-American National Television System Committee (ANSTC), lihlinzeka ngesilinganiso esithembekile sokuqina kwesignali engasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemishini yevidiyo futhi livumela ukulawula ukukhanya okunembile.

Amayunithi e-IRE avezwa ngamaphuzu amaphesenti akalwa esikalini esisuka ku-0 siye ku-100. Isikali se-IRE siphinde sihlukaniswe sibe amanani angu-28 asuka ku-0 IRE, okubonisa ubumnyama obuphelele, kuya ku-100 IRE, omelela okumhlophe okuphezulu. Ukujula kwesithombe, noma isilinganiso sokungafani, kuvame ukulinganiswa ngebanga le-IRE elingu-70-100% kuyilapho ukukhanya kwesithombe noma ukukhanya kukalwa ngaphakathi kwebanga le-IRE elingu-7-10%.

Ngokusebenzisa izincazelo ezijwayelekile nezilinganiso ezifana namayunithi e-IRE kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabakhiqizi bemishini yevidiyo kanye nochwepheshe bangachaza ngokunembile izinga elifiswayo lokukhishwa kwesignali yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezifana nomabonakude wokusakaza odinga ukulawula okunembile kukho kokubili amandla okutshuza kanye nesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwesignali. Ukwengeza, ochwepheshe bangakwazi ukunquma ngokuzethemba ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesisetshenziswa lukhiqiza amaleveli esignali angaphakathi kwamazinga amisiwe okusetshenziswa ngokuphephile nezinye izingxenye kuchungechunge lokucubungula isignali.

Ikhwalithi Yesithombe Ethuthukisiwe

Ubuchwepheshe bokwandisa umbiko odidiyelwe (IRE) busetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuthwebula izithombe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yesithombe. Ivumela ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuthi babone izici ezincane noma ezicashile ezithombeni ze-MRI okungenzeka bezingabonakali kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela zokuthwebula. Inqubo ye-IRE isebenza ngokwandisa ukugqama kwesithombe esibonisiwe, isenze sibukeke sibukhali futhi sicace kunangaphambili. Lokhu kwenza izilonda ezincane nezakhiwo zezicubu zibe lula ukuzibona nokuzihumusha esikrinini.

I-IRE ingasetshenziswa futhi ne-ultrasound imaging, esiza odokotela ukuthi bahlole izifo ezihlobene nombungu kanye nezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, okubavumela ukuthi babone izinkinga zesakhiwo noma izifo zofuzo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. I-IRE ingasetshenziswa futhi ne-x-ray imaging evumela odokotela ukuthi babone ukuphuka kwamathambo noma ukungahambi kahle kwamalunga, okubenza bakwazi ukunikeza ukuxilongwa okunembile ngokushesha nangokunembile.

I-URE nayo njengamanje iyamukelwa ezindaweni zokwelashwa nge-radiation ezifana ne-radiation oncology ukuze kuqondiswe ngokuqondile izimila ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nge-radiation, okuholela emithanjeni eqondiswe kakhulu yemisebe ukuze isebenze kangcono ezigulini ezelashwa umdlavuza. Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-IRE ziningi; kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesiguli ngokunikeza odokotela amazinga aphezulu okunemba lapho behlola izimo, okubenza bakwazi ukubona izilonda ezincane noma izakhiwo zezicubu okungenzeka baziphuthele ngaphandle kosizo lwe-IRE.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, i-IRE noma i-Institute of Radio Engineers iyiyunithi yokulinganisa esetshenziselwa ukukala amasignali evidiyo. Isignali engu-100-IRE izinga eliphezulu lamandla elingakhona kunoma iyiphi isignali yevidiyo, kuyilapho isignali engu-0-IRE ilingana noziro volts kanye nezinga eliphansi kakhulu elingatholwa isignali yevidiyo eyinhlanganisela. Isikali se-IRE singasetshenziselwa ukukala amandla nokucaca kwanoma yisiphi isithombe noma isignali yomsindo enikeziwe, noma ngabe iyasakazwa, iboniswa kumabonakude noma isakazwa nge-inthanethi. Amasignali wevidiyo ngokuvamile akalwa ngokunyuka okungu-1/100th we-IRE kusukela ku-0 futhi kugcine ku-100.

Uma urekhoda umsindo noma ividiyo, ngokuvamile kuhle kakhulu ukurekhoda eduze ne-0-IRE ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uthole ikhwalithi yomsindo ephelele. Ukulungisa amaleveli ngesikhathi sokudlala, njengokunyusa ivolumu noma ukulungisa ukugqama nokukhanya kungenziwa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuhlanekezela okuvela ekuphazamisekeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le sistimu isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amasistimu acubungula amasiginali ayinhlanganisela anezilinganiso ezingaguquguquki zokulinganisa okunembile kanye nokukala phakathi kwamasistimu.

Sawubona, nginguKim, umama kanye nomshisekeli we-stop-motion onesizinda ekudalweni kwemidiya nokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu. Nginothando olukhulu lokudweba nokugqwayiza, futhi manje sengingena ngekhanda emhlabeni onyakazayo. Ngebhulogi yami, ngabelana ngezifundo zami nani bafana.