Shutter: Kuyini Emakhamera?

ngo kim Kubuyekezwe: June 28, 2022

Isivalo yingxenye ye-a ikhamera elawula inani lokukhanya elivunyelwe ukudlula futhi lifinyelele ifilimu noma inzwa yedijithali.

Kuwucezu lwemishini oluvula futhi luvale ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze kuthwebule uhlaka olulodwa lwesithombe.

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokubaluleka kwe-shutter, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-shutter ubuchwepheshe be-shutter kukhona:

Incazelo yeShutter

Isivalo iyidivayisi ekwikhamera noma enye insimbi ezwela ukukhanya elawula inani lokukhanya okufinyelela ifilimu noma inzwa yesithombe. Iqukethe ikhethini opaque ukuthi ivula futhi ivale ngokushesha phezu kwendawo ezwela ukukhanya. Uma ivuliwe, ishutha ivumela ukukhanya ukuthi kungene, futhi uma ivaliwe ivimba noma yikuphi okunye ukukhanya okungenayo. Emakhamera esimanje, amashutha angase abe ilawulwa ngogesi futhi inikwa amandla yibhethri esikhundleni sokusebenza mathupha.

Isikhathi lapho i-shutter ivuliwe ingahluka ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwayo. Isibonelo, esikhathini eside sokuchayeka njengalapho uthatha izithombe zezithombe ezimeni ezifiphele njengokuthwebula ebusuku nezinye izilungiselelo zokukhanya okuphansi, kuyazuzisa ukugcina i-shutter ivuliwe isikhathi eside ukuze ukukhanya okwengeziwe kungene ifilimu yekhamera noma inzwa yesithombe. Ngokuphambene, ezimeni ezikhanyayo ezifana nokuthwebula izithombe zezemidlalo noma ukuthwebula izifundo ezihamba ngokushesha, kungase kufiseleke ukugcina i-shutter ivuliwe isikhathi esifushane kakhulu ukuze kuthathwe ama-fractions amasekhondi kuphela futhi kungabikho ukunyakaza okuvela esithombeni esiwumphumela.

Izivinini zokuvala ziyizilinganiso ngezingxenyana zesekhondi ezingasukela kuzo 1/4000th (noma ngaphezulu) kufika emaminithini ambalwa kuye ngamakhono emodeli yekhamera yakho. Izikhathi ezihamba kancane zisetshenziswa uma udinga ukukhanya okwengeziwe; isivinini esisheshayo sizoba yiqhwa ukunyakaza ukuze ukwazi ukuthwebula isenzo esisheshayo ngaphandle kokufiphala.

Izinhlobo zamaShutters

The i-shutter iyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi ikhamera futhi injongo yayo eyinhloko ukulawula inani lokukhanya elidingekayo ukuze kuvezwe i-imaging medium. Lokhu kungaba inzwa yedijithali, ifilimu noma ipuleti. Isivalo sekhamera siyalawula ukukhanya kuvunyelwa ngokushesha kangakanani ukuthi kudlule endaweni yokuthwebula izithombe futhi okunye kuvunyelwe ukuhlala isikhathi esingakanani lapho. Lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi “isikhathi sokuchayeka” kumatemu ezithombe. Amashutha eza ngezindlela eziningi, osayizi kanye nezinhlobo kodwa zonke zinikeza uhlobo oluthile lwembobo lapho ukukhanya kudlula khona endaweni yokuthwebula ngesikhathi sokuchayeka esibekwe umthwebuli wezithombe.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-litmus okubili okuyinhloko kokuhlukanisa ama-shutter yi ukuma kwendiza egxile (ikhethini noma elinyakazayo) kanye uhlobo lokunyakaza (i-lever, intwasahlobo noma i-electronic).

• I-Focal Plane Shutter: Lolu hlobo lwesivalo luqukethe ipheya lamakhethini azacile ahamba avundlile kundiza yefilimu uma ebaliwe. Ikhethini lokuqala livuleka isikhathi esimisiwe, livumele ukukhanya kufilimu/inzwa ngaphambi kokuthi kushintshwe ikhethini lesibili elibe selizivaleka lona liqede ukuchayeka.
• Isivalo Seqabunga: Amashutha amaqabunga mancane kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwawo futhi aqukethe ama-blade ahlelwe ngaphansi kwe-pivot emaphakathi eyaziwa ngokuthi 'Amahlamvu'. Lawa ma-blades angavulwa ngemithombo yamandla njengamabhethri, izindandatho zokudonsa ngesandla noma ama-pulleys anenjini awaphoqa ukuba ahlukane lapho ecushiwe ngaleyo ndlela avumele ukukhanya endaweni yokuthwebula ngesikhathi sokuchayeka esibekwe umthwebuli wezithombe esebenzisa izilawuli zemishini ezifana nezintambo zokudonsa izindandatho noma ukudayela. kumakhamera esimanje.
• I-Spring-Driven Shutter: Umshini oqhutshwa entwasahlobo unezingxenye ezintathu; i-disc yensimbi eyisicaba enkabeni yayo (i-spring tensioned shaft); izingalo ezimbili zokusekela ezixhunywe ohlangothini ngalunye; futhi ekugcineni amakhethini amabili alenga kulezi zingalo ngaphambili nangemuva kwelinye njengamasango ezinqaba ezimbili ezivulekile amiswe azungeza unqenqema ngalunye lwediski yayo ephakathi (yingakho isidlaliso sayo 'senqaba'). Uma icushiwe, le diski emaphakathi ivunguza ngokushesha ngokwanele ukudala ukungezwani okwanele ukuze kuvuleke womabili amakhethini/amasango ngesikhathi esisodwa uma ethintana onqenqemeni lwelinye eliwavumela ukuthi akhulule kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuzungeza ngaleyo ndlela aveze leso sikhathi esifanayo esisithathile kulowo mjikelezo ofanayo – imvamisa kusukela kumafractions-of-a-sesekhondi kuya kumasekhondi amane kuye ngokuthi umuntu uqine kangakanani ukulayisha iziphethu zamatshe ayigugu kusengaphambili - ngaleyo ndlela ukucisha ukukhanya okunomthelela ngqo kulezo zikhathi zokuchayeka ezifanayo ezibonwe ngenhla ngemiphumela ehlukene ngokuya ngolwazi lomsebenzisi yingakho amazinga okuphatha. kubathwebuli bezithombe abangochwepheshe noma abangaba abasebenzisi ngokufanayo bezama lezi zinhlobo zokuvalwa kwezikhathi zakudala ezitholakala kakhulu kumakhamera asendulo kusukela ezizukulwaneni ezingaphezu kwezintathu ezedlule!

I-Shutter Mechanism

Ikhamera i-shutter iyingxenye ebalulekile yesakhiwo sayo, njengoba inesibopho sokulawula ukuthi inzwa yesithombe ivezwa isikhathi esingakanani ekukhanyeni. Uma ucindezela inkinobho yokuvala, i-shutter iyavuleka futhi ivale ukuze ukukhanya kudlule futhi kufinyelele inzwa yesithombe, eyenza isithombe sokugcina. I-shutter iphinde ibe nesibopho sokudala ukufiphala kokunyakaza noma ukunyakaza okuqandayo, yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ezithombeni.

Ake sibheke izinhlobo ezahlukene izindlela zokuvala nokuthi zisebenza kanjani:

Amashutha kaMechanical

Izivalo zemishini ziza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, kusukela kumakhamera aluhlaza ukuya emiklamo ethuthukisiwe edalwe kamuva nje. Okuvame ukutholakala kukhona amashutha amaqabunga, izivalo zendiza egxilile, izivalo ze-rotary-sector, futhi ama-ring-disks.

• Amashutha Amaqabunga - Isivalo seqabunga sakhiwe njengesisetshenziswa sangaphakathi esinochungechunge lwezinsimbi zensimbi ezidlulanayo ezivuleka futhi zivaleke njengamakhethini. Lezi zivame ukutholakala zilawula indawo yokungena kumalensi kumakhamera e-classic rangefinder kanye namakhamera amaningi anefomethi emaphakathi. Banikeza izikhathi zokuchayeka konke-noma-lutho okungaphansi kwalokho 1/1000 isekhondi, okubenza bafaneleke ezifundweni ezifana nokuthatha izithombe zezemidlalo noma izithombe zezilwane zasendle, lapho isikhathi sibalulekile.
• I-Focal Plane Shutters - Izivalo zendiza ezigxilile zivumela ngisho nokuchayeka okude kakhulu ukuthi kwenziwe nganoma yisiphi isivinini 1/10000 isekhondi, ukuqinisekisa ukuchayeka okunembile uma isikhathi sibalulekile ngenxa yokunyakaza endaweni yesigameko. Njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, lolu hlobo lwesivalo lutholakala ngokushesha ngemuva kwendawo yefilimu (noma inzwa yesithombe) ngokwayo lapho ivuleka futhi ivalwe khona ngamakhethini amabili ashelelayo abheke eceleni - okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ikhethini lokuqala noma lesibili - liveza lonke uhlaka ngokulinganayo phezulu kuya phansi (noma okuphambene nalokho).
• I-Rotary Sector Shutters - Lolu hlobo lwe-shutter lunediski ezungeza izimbobo ezimbili ze-slit esiyingini sayo esinquma ukuthi ukuchayeka kuzohlala isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokuma ngokuzenzakalela futhi kulungele okunye ukudubula. Inzuzo lapha ukuthi lo mshini unikeza ukuchayeka okunesikhathi okubikezelwayo ngakho-ke kuyasiza uma ungaqiniseki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi isithombe sakho sidinga ubude bani ngalé kwalokho okungafinyelelwa ngokulungiswa kokuvula i-lens kuphela.
• Ring Disk Shutter - I-Ring Disk Shutter isebenzisa ama-slits alandelanayo azungeze isiyingi sayo esifana ne-Rotary Sector kodwa ayagqagqana ukuze enze umphumela olingana kakhulu kunowandulela owandulelayo yingakho ivumela ukuvumelana okwengeziwe phakathi kwamafreyimu uma ithwebula okuhlosiwe okuhamba ngokushesha noma ishintsha izimo zokukhanya kwesigcawu ngokulinganayo endaweni ngayinye eveziwe. kuyo yonke impilo yeshothi uma kudingeka. Lolu hlobo futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi awukaze ube namabhendi noma izikhala ezingalindelekile esithombeni sakho njengoba ingxenye eyodwa ingavezwa ngokuphelele ize idlulele nenye futhi!

Amashutha kagesi

Emakhamera edijithali nakwamanye amadivaysi e-imaging kagesi, a indlela yokuvala i-shutter isetshenziselwa ukuveza nokurekhoda ukukhanya kwinzwa yesithombe. Ama-shutter ka-elekthronikhi angasetshenziswa nge-elekthronikhi engavamile noma njengama-assemblies emishini eyinkimbinkimbi.

Inguqulo eyisisekelo kakhulu ye-shutter ye-electronic yakhiwa i-photosensitive transistor eqalwa isignali yokubona. Lapho ukukhanya kushaya i-transistor, iyavula, ivumele ugesi ukuthi ugeleze ku-resistor bese ushona phansi. Lokhu kucisha isistimu futhi i-shutter ihamba ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokukhulula ukukhanya ukuze ishaye inzwa yesithombe.

Kusetshenziswa izivalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukudlidliza esikhundleni sokuvuleka nokuvalwa: Uma ukudlidliza kubaliwe, izinduku ezibekwe phezu kwenzwa ye-electro-optical zivumela ukukhanya ukuthi kudlule ngezikhawu ezicishe zifane nokulandelana okuvulekile-okuvaliwe. Le sistimu ishibhile kune-shutter yemishini evamile futhi ivumela izikhathi zokuchayeka ezishunwe kahle ngaphandle kokudela ikhwalithi yesithombe.

Amanye amakhamera asezingeni eliphezulu ayasebenza izingxenye ezincane zemishini ukuze uthole ukulawula okukhulu ezikhathini zokuchayeka namandla ebanga eliguqukayo. Kulolu hlelo, abashayeli abayinkimbinkimbi balawula amalever amancane asebenzisa ama-blade kuma-microsecond, okuvumela ukulawula okungcono kakhulu kokuthi singakanani isikhathi ukukhanya okufanele kuhlanganyele nephikseli ngayinye ohlwini lwezinzwa. Izinzuzo zingabonakala ekuncishisweni komsindo noma ukufiphala ngenxa yokuchayeka okude kanye nokuzwela okuthuthukisiwe okuvela kwabasheshayo.

Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa I-Shutter

Ukuvala iyidivayisi esetshenziswa kumakhamera ukulawula ukuthi ukukhanya kuvunyelwe ukuwela isikhathi esingakanani kunzwa yesithombe. Ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko zekhamera yedijithali lapho isithombe sithathwa khona. Ijubane lokushesha ngokuvamile kuyisici esibalulekile ekudaleni izithombe ezinhle futhi iyithuluzi elinamandla labathwebuli bezithombe.

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zokusebenzisa i-shutter kukhamera yakho yedijithali:

Isivinini sokuvala esisheshayo

Ijubane lokushesha luyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yisiphi isithombe, njengoba sinquma ubude besikhathi isishutha sekhamera esihlala sivuliwe ukuze sikhanyise. Isivinini se-shutter esisheshayo sivumela abathwebuli bezithombe ukuthi bathathe izithombe ezikhanyayo ekukhanyeni okuphansi, ngempumelelo ukunyakaza okuqandayo kanye nemininingwane.

Ngesivinini esisheshayo se-shutter, abathwebuli bezithombe bangathwebula izithombe zesenzo futhi bamise ukunyakaza ukuze bakhiqize izithombe ezihlanzekile nezicacile ngaphandle kokufiphala. Isivinini se-shutter siphinde sinikeze abathwebuli bezithombe ukulawula kokudala okwengeziwe, okuvumela izithombe ezinamandla nezimangalisayo lapho isivinini se-shutter singasetshenziswa njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokuxoxa indaba.

Ezinye zezimo lapho isivinini se-shutter esisheshayo sinenzuzo zifaka:

• Ukubamba imidlalo yangaphandle njenge ukuhamba ngebhayisikili ezintabeni, surfing noma kayaking
• Izithombe zezilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni ezindizayo
• Izama ukuthwebula amaconsi amanzi ngokuthakaselayo sishaye
• Ukuthwebula izimoto ezihambayo ngaphandle kokufiphala kokunyakaza, okufana izimoto emjahweni womjaho

Ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisheshayo kudinga ukuthula esihlokweni sakho; uma zinyakaza ngenkathi kuthathwa isithombe kuzobe kufiphala ngoba azizange ziqandiswe ngesikhathi ngesikhathi kuthathwa isithombe. Abadlali kwezemidlalo kungase kudingeke ukuthi bathule kuze kube ngemva kokuthatha ishothi yakho; usebenzisa isivinini se-shutter esisheshayo kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nokunyakaza okuncane ngeke konakalise izithombe zakho.

Ukulawula Ukukhanya Okungcono

Ukuvala ingenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezishintshashintshayo kumakhamera namuhla. Kuyidivayisi elawula ukuthi ukukhanya kushaya isikhathi esingakanani inzwa yesithombe ngenkathi ithatha izithombe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-shutter kuthuthukisa umphumela wokugcina wesithombe futhi kunikeza inkululeko eyingqayizivele yokudala kubathwebuli bezithombe.

Ukusebenzisa i-shutter ekuthwebuleni kunikeza ukulawula okungcono phezu kokukhanya lapho uthwebula isithombe. Nge-shutter ungakwazi ukulawula izilungiselelo ezifana isivinini se-shutter, inombolo yezithombe ezithathwe ngesekhondi (isilinganiso sozimele) futhi ubude bokuchayeka ukufeza ibhalansi efanele phakathi kokukhanya okutholakalayo nokukhanya okuvela kuma-strobes noma ukukhanya. Isivinini sokuvala, isibonelo, sisetshenziselwa ukuguqula ukuthi ifilimu noma inzwa yedijithali kuvezwa ngokushesha kangakanani noma kancane kangakanani ekukhanyeni. Isivinini se-shutter esinensayo sivumela isikhathi esengeziwe se-ambient Ukukhanyisa imithombo yokuveza izithombe ngendlela efanele, okuvumela ithunzi elijulile nemibala egqamile evezwe kahle; isivinini se-shutter esisheshayo singasetshenziswa ngokukhanya okuncane kakhulu okutholakalayo uma amayunithi we-flash asetshenziswa kanyekanye.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinzuzo ziza nokusebenzisa isici se-shutter yekhamera. Abathwebuli bezithombe banokulawula okwengeziwe ekuthwebuleni izinto ezihambayo, beshiya imizila efiphele enezela umuzwa wedrama noma isenzo lapho bebuyekeza isithombe kamuva; bangakwazi futhi ukusizakala ngemiphumela ekhethekile efana izihlungi zenkanyezi kuzo ama-lens ngokuthatha ukukhanya okude okukhombisa izinkanyezi ezicijile ngokumelene nengemuva elikhanyayo lesibhakabhaka; bangakwazi ngisho nokuzenzela uma bekhetha ukubonga ngalesi sici! Ekugcineni, ukulawula okungcono ekukhanyeni kokwenziwa nokokwemvelo (okuhlanganisa ukuvuleka kokulawula), kanye nenkululeko eningi yokudala ezinye zezinzuzo ezitholwa ngokusebenzisa amasu okuvala afanele kuso sonke isithombe esithathwayo.

Izinkinga zokusebenzisa i-Shutter

Ukuvala iwumshini olawula ubude besikhathi sokuchayeka kwekhamera ekukhanyeni. I isivinini se-shutter inquma ukuthi isithombe sizovezwa isikhathi esingakanani, okubuye kuthinte umphumela wesithombe. Nakuba i-shutter ingaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ukuchayeka, kukhona okunye ukungalungi lokho kufanele kucatshangelwe uma usebenzisa i-shutter kwikhamera. Ake sibheke lawo maphutha.

Noise

Uma usebenzisa i-shutter, enye yezinto ezikhathazayo eziyinhloko umsindo we-shutter. Lo msindo ungaphazamisa kalula isikhathi sesithombe noma wonakalise noma yimuphi umzamo wokuthwebula isithombe esingacacile. Futhi, uma udubula ungaphakathi endlini nge-flash, umsindo ohlabayo omkhulu ovela kuma-shutter ahamba kancane ungaba yinkinga futhi uphazamise. Amanye amakhamera afika ne Imodi ye-shutter kagesi eqeda le nkinga; kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amakhamera analolu hlobo lwama-shutter futhi abasebenzisi bashiywe bengenakho enye inketho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa evamile yabo ama-shutter mechanical.

Ukwengeza, njengoba amakhamera amaningi e-SLR ane isibuko sangaphakathi ukuthi flips phezulu lapho inkinobho yokuvala icindezelwe, kukhona okubalulekile ikhamera shake okungase konakalise ezinye izithombe uma zidutshulwa ngesivinini esihamba kancane. Ukuze ugweme ukuzamazama kwekhamera ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi noma uma usebenzisa amalensi e-telephoto, kungase kudingeke utshale ku-tripod futhi usebenzise. izibangeli ezikude noma nini lapho kungenzeka.

Ekugcineni, amanye ama-shutter mechanical akhona ethule kunabanye nokuntuleka kwalesi sici kungase kubangele izinkinga ezinkulu kubathwebuli bezithombe abadinga ukuhlala becashile ngenkathi bethatha izithombe namavidiyo.

Cost

Ububi obukhulu bokusebenzisa i-shutter kumakhamera yi- izindleko ezihlobene nokusithenga. I-shutter yekhamera iyingxenye edidiyelwe yekhamera futhi ishintsha indlela izithombe ezithwetshulwa ngayo ngokuvumela ukukhanya kudlule endaweni enqunywe kusengaphambili ngenani elithile lesikhathi.

Uma i-shutter idinga ukushintshwa, khona-ke ingaba ezibizayo kanye ne engalungile ngoba amashutha amaningi ekhamera kufanele ashintshwe ngochwepheshe abangochwepheshe. Ukwengeza, kuye ngedizayini nemodeli yelensi yekhamera yakho, kungase kudingeke uthenge amathuluzi akhethekile noma izindandatho ze-adaptha ukuze ufake i-shutter entsha.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, ukuqonda izisekelo ze-shutter nezingxenye zayo kungakusiza ukuthi uthathe izithombe zakho uziyise kwelinye izinga. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho isivinini se-shutter nokuvula kuzoba izilungiselelo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezilawula ukuchayeka, kanye isivinini se-shutter kubaluleke kakhulu lapho uthwebula isenzo.

Ukulungisa lezi zilungiselelo kuzothinta izici ezihlukene zezithombe zakho futhi ukuzicubungula ekukhiqizweni kwangemuva kungathuthukisa kakhulu izithombe zakho. Njengoba uthola ukuzijwayeza okwengeziwe ekusebenziseni izici ezihlukene zekhamera yakho, ungaqhubeka nokuhlola okuhlukile isivinini se-shutter nama-apertures ukuze uthole ukuthi yini esebenza kangcono esithombeni ngasinye.

Sawubona, nginguKim, umama kanye nomshisekeli we-stop-motion onesizinda ekudalweni kwemidiya nokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu. Nginothando olukhulu lokudweba nokugqwayiza, futhi manje sengingena ngekhanda emhlabeni onyakazayo. Ngebhulogi yami, ngabelana ngezifundo zami nani bafana.