Matsi mara hasara: menene shi da yadda ake amfani da shi

da kim An sabunta: Yuni 28, 2022

Rashin damfara muhimmin ra'ayi ne idan yazo ga kafofin watsa labaru na dijital. Yana nufin tsarin inda aka matsa bayanai ba tare da asarar bayanai ba. Matsi mara hasara babbar hanya ce don rage girman fayil ɗin kafofin watsa labarun ku ba tare da sadaukar da inganci ba.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika

• menene matsi mara asara,
• yadda yake aiki, Da kuma
• yadda za ku iya amfani da shi don amfanin ku.

Bari mu fara!

Ma'anar Matsi mara Asara

Rashin damfara wani nau'i ne na matsawa bayanai wanda ke adana duk bayanan asali yayin aiwatar da tsarin ɓoyewa da yankewa, wanda sakamakon shine ainihin kwafin ainihin fayil ko bayanai. Yana aiki ta hanyar nemo alamu a cikin bayanan da kuma adana su cikin inganci. Misali, idan fayil yana da kalmomi 5 masu maimaitawa, maimakon adana waɗancan kalmomi guda 5 da aka kwafi, matsawa mara amfani zai adana misali ɗaya kawai na wannan kalmar, tare da nunin inda zai iya samun bayani game da amfani da shi a cikin fayil ɗin.

Ba kamar asara matsawa (wanda ke watsar da wasu bayanai da zaɓe don rage girman) Matsi mara hasara ba ka damar kula hoton hoto, tsabtar rubutu da amincin fayil tare da babu asarar inganci. Wannan ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikace inda wasu bayanai ke da mahimmanci kuma ba za a iya sadaukar da su don rage girman ba. Amfani na yau da kullun don matsi mara asara sun haɗa da:

• Matsa fayilolin kiɗa (don haka ingancin sauti dole ne ya kasance cikakke)
• Matsa hotunan likita (tunda ƙananan bayanai na iya zama mahimmanci don ganewar asali)
• Matsa lambar tushe na aikace-aikacen software
• Takaddun ajiya don adana dogon lokaci.

Misalan compressors waɗanda zasu iya amfani da irin wannan nau'in algorithm sune ZIP da PNG fayiloli da kuma wasu nau'ikan hotuna kamar TIFF da GIF.

Amfanin Matsi mara Asara

Rashin damfara wata fasaha ce da ke danne bayanai zuwa ƙaramin girma ba tare da asarar inganci ba. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da algorithms waɗanda ke gano abubuwan da ba su da yawa ko maimaituwa, sannan a musanya su da gajerun lambobi. Yin amfani da wannan hanya na iya taimakawa wajen rage girman bayanai sosai, sau da yawa ta rabin ko fiye, ba da damar masu amfani don adanawa da watsa bayanai masu yawa cikin inganci.

Baya ga adana sararin ajiya, akwai wasu fa'idodi da yawa don amfani da matsi mara asara. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

• Inganta Ayyukan: Matsi mara hasara na iya inganta saurin da ake canja wurin fayiloli yayin da suke kanana kuma suna ɗaukar ƙarancin bandwidth yayin aikawa ko zazzagewa.
• data Mutunci: Saboda babu bayanan da ke ɓacewa yayin amfani da matsi mara asara, duk bayanan da aka ɓoye za su kasance cikin ƙulla yayin yankewa.
• karfinsu: Fayilolin da aka matse galibi ana iya buɗe su tare da aikace-aikace iri-iri akan dandamali daban-daban saboda daidaitattun algorithms ɗin sa.
• Rage Lokacin Gudanarwa: Rage girman fayil yana hanzarta tafiyar matakai kamar bugu, yawo da gyara kamar yadda ƙananan fayiloli ke buƙatar ƙarancin ikon sarrafa kwamfuta.

Nau'in Matsi mara Asara

Akwai daban-daban iri matsi mara asara dabarun da ke ba ka damar damfara bayanai ba tare da rasa wani bayani ba. Mafi yawan nau'ikan matsi mara asara sune ZIP, gzip, da LZW. Wadannan guda uku, tare da wasu nau'o'in iri daban-daban, duk suna da nasu amfani da rashin amfani.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna nau'o'in nau'ikan hanyoyin matsawa marasa asara da yadda ake amfani da su:

• ZIP
• gzip
• LZW

Run Tsawon Rufewa

Run Tsawon Rubutun (RLE) Algorithm ne na matsa bayanai da ake amfani da shi don rage girman fayil ba tare da rasa kowane bayanai ba. Yana aiki ta hanyar nazarin bayanai, bincika haruffa masu jere sannan a matsa su zuwa ƙarami, mafi ƙanƙanta tsari. Wannan yana sa fayilolin sauƙi don adanawa da canja wurin su. A lokacin aikin ragewa, ana iya sake gina bayanan asali gaba ɗaya.

Run Length Encoding ana amfani da shi don matsawa hotuna na dijital yadda ya kamata yana rage rage yawan bayanai a cikin kayan kamar su. maimaita alamu, gudanar da pixels ko manyan wurare cike da launi ɗaya. Takardun rubutu kuma sun dace da ƴan takara don matsawa RLE saboda galibi suna ɗauke da maimaita kalmomi da jimloli.

Run Length Encoding yana amfani da gaskiyar cewa yawancin samfuran jeri a cikin fayilolin odiyo suna da dabi'u iri ɗaya domin a rage girmansu amma suna kula da ingancinsu na asali akan raguwa. Wannan na iya haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci a girman fayil - yawanci 50% ko fiye – tare da ƴan asara ta fuskar ingancin sauti da aiki.

Lokacin amfani da rufaffiyar RLE, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa yayin da yana iya rage girman girman fayil da ke da alaƙa da sauti ko fayilolin hoto, ƙila a zahiri ba zai zama da amfani ga nau'ikan fayilolin rubutu waɗanda ba su da raguwa sosai saboda yadda ake yin su ta al'ada. . Don haka wasu gwaji tare da nau'ikan aikace-aikace na iya zama dole kafin yin zaɓi na ƙarshe akan ko wannan nau'in fasahar matsawa ta dace da mafi kyawun buƙatun ku.

Lambar Huffman

Lambar Huffman Algorithm ne mai daidaitawa, mara asara data matsawa. Wannan algorithm yana amfani da saitin alamomin bayanai, ko haruffa, tare da yawan faruwarsu a cikin fayil don gina ingantacciyar lambar tantancewa. Wannan lambar ta ƙunshi gajerun kalmomin code waɗanda ke wakiltar haruffa akai-akai da tsayin kalmomi waɗanda ke wakiltar waɗanda ba su da yawa. Yin amfani da waɗannan lambobin, Huffman Coding na iya rage girman fayil ɗin tare da ƙaramin tasiri akan amincin bayanan sa.

Huffman Coding yana aiki a matakai biyu: gina saitin lambobi na musamman da kuma amfani da su don damfara rafin bayanai. An gina lambobin alamar gabaɗaya daga rarraba haruffan fayil daban-daban da kuma daga bayanan da aka samu ta nazarin mitocin dangi da su. haruffa daban-daban suna faruwa a cikinsa. Gabaɗaya, Huffman Coding yana aiki da inganci fiye da sauran algorithms na matsawa marasa asara lokacin da aka yi amfani da su akan rafukan bayanai waɗanda ke ɗauke da alamomin da ke da alaƙa. yiwuwar faruwar rashin daidaito - misali, siffanta daftarin aiki a cikin abin da wasu haruffa (kamar "e") faruwa sau da yawa fiye da sauran (kamar "z").

Lambar lissafin lissafi

Wani nau'in matsi mara asara wanda za'a iya amfani dashi ana kiransa Lambar lissafin lissafi. Wannan hanya tana amfani da gaskiyar cewa rafi na bayanai na iya samun wasu sassa waɗanda ke amfani da sararin samaniya, amma waɗanda ba su isar da ainihin bayani ba. Yana danne bayanan ta hanyar cire waɗannan sassa masu yawa yayin adana ainihin bayanan sa.

Don fahimtar yadda Lambar Arthmetic ke aiki, bari mu yi la'akari da misali na tushen rubutu. A ce akwai haruffa huɗu a cikin rafin bayananmu - A, B, C, da kuma D. Idan bayanan ba a matsa su ba, kowane hali zai ɗauki ragi takwas don jimlar ragi 32 a duk rafi. Tare da Codeing Arthmetic, duk da haka, maimaita dabi'u kamar A da B ana iya wakilta da ƙasa da rago takwas kowanne.

A cikin wannan misali za mu yi amfani da tubalan-bit huɗu don wakiltar kowane hali wanda ke nufin za a iya haɗa dukkan haruffa huɗu zuwa cikin toshe 16-bit guda ɗaya. Mai rikodin rikodin yana duba rafin bayanai kuma yana ba da yuwuwar ga kowane hali dangane da yuwuwar bayyanar su a cikin igiyoyi masu zuwa don adana sarari tare da tabbatar da iyakar daidaito lokacin da aka lalata su a ɗayan ƙarshen. A lokacin matsawa don haka kawai waɗannan haruffan da ke da yuwuwar mafi girma suna ɗaukar ƴan kaɗan yayin da waɗanda ke da ƙananan mitoci ko waɗanda ke bayyana ƙasa da yawa za su buƙaci ƙarin ragowa a kowane juzu'i amma har yanzu suna kasancewa cikin toshe 16-bit guda ɗaya kamar kafin adana bytes da yawa a duk rafin bayanai lokacin idan aka kwatanta da uncompressed version.

Yadda Ake Amfani da Matsi mara Asara

Rashin damfara hanya ce ta shigar da bayanai da matsawa ba tare da asarar bayanai ba. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar matsawa don rage girman hotunan dijital, sauti, da fayilolin bidiyo. Matsi mara hasara yana ba da damar adana bayanai a ɗan ƙaramin girman girmansa, yana haifar da ƙaramin fayil.

Don haka, bari mu shiga daki-daki kuma mu bincika yadda ake amfani da matsi mara asara:

Tsarin Fayiloli

Rashin damfara wani nau'in matsawar bayanai ne wanda ke rage girman fayil ba tare da sadaukar da kowane bayanan da ke cikin ainihin fayil ɗin ba. Wannan ya sa ya zama kyakkyawar hanya don matsa manyan fayiloli kamar hotuna na dijital, fayilolin mai jiwuwa, da shirye-shiryen bidiyo. Don amfani da wannan nau'in matsawa, dole ne ku fahimci nau'ikan fayilolin da aka goyan bayan compressors marasa asara da yadda ake saita su da kyau don sakamako mafi kyau.

Lokacin damfara fayil don dalilai marasa asara, kuna da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don tsarin fayil. Mai yuwuwa, zaku zaɓi tsakanin JPEGs da PNGs kamar yadda duka biyu suna ba da kyakkyawan sakamako tare da girman girman fayil. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da tsari kamar GIF ko TIFF idan software ɗin ku tana goyan bayan su. Hakanan akwai wasu takamaiman nau'ikan matsi waɗanda aka tsara musamman don sauti ko bidiyo. Waɗannan sun haɗa da FLAC (audio mara hasara), AVI (bidiyo mara hasara), da kuma tsarin QuickTime's Apple Lossless (ALAC).

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yayin da waɗannan nau'ikan suna ba da mafi kyawun matsawa fiye da takwarorinsu waɗanda ba a matse su ba, za su iya zama da wahala a yi aiki da su saboda ƙarancin tallafi a wasu aikace-aikacen da shirye-shiryen software. Dangane da saitin ku, amfani uncompressed Formats na iya zama mafi sauƙi a cikin dogon lokaci ko da ya ɗauki ƙarin sarari diski.

Kayan Aikin Matsi

Akwai nau'ikan kayan aikin matsawa waɗanda aka ƙera don rage girman fayilolin bayanai yayin kiyaye amincin bayanan asali. Waɗannan kayan aikin suna amfani da algorithms don gano bayanan da ba su da yawa kuma su watsar da su daga fayil ɗin ba tare da rasa wani bayani ba.

Matsi mara hasara yana da amfani musamman ga hotuna masu hoto, ko rikodin sauti da bidiyo. Kayan aiki irin su ZIP, RAR, Stuffit X, GZIP da ARJ goyi bayan matakan daban-daban na matsawa marasa asara don nau'ikan fayil iri-iri ciki har da PDFs da matsawa masu aiwatarwa (EXE). Misali, idan ka damfara hoto da daya daga cikin wadannan sifofin a matsakaicin girman girman saitin, za ku iya buɗewa da duba wannan hoton ba tare da rasa wani cikakken bayani ko launi ba.

Algorithm ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi zai shafi fayilolin fayilolin da za a iya samu da kuma lokacin da ake ɗauka don aiwatarwa da damfara fayil. Wannan na iya kewayo daga mintuna zuwa sa'o'i da yawa dangane da yadda kayan aikin da kuka zaɓa ya ƙware. Shahararrun kayan aikin matsawa kamar 7-zip (LZMA2) suna ba da matakan matsawa mafi girma amma suna buƙatar tsawon lokacin aiki. Ingantattun shirye-shirye kamar SQ=z (SQUASH) ƙananan matakai ne na yau da kullun waɗanda za su iya fitar da ƙarin bytes a saurin walƙiya idan aka kwatanta da mafi mashahuri aikace-aikace kamar WinZip or WinRAR amma ƙwarewar fasaha tasu yana nufin masu amfani da PC mai son ba safai suke amfani da su ba.

Matsa hoto

Matsayin hoto wata hanya ce ta rage adadin bayanan da ake buƙata don wakiltar hoton dijital. Ana yin wannan ta ko dai ko duka biyun hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar cirewa ko rage bayanan hoto marasa mahimmanci, wanda ake kira matsi mara asara; ko ta hanyar kawar da bayanan a hankali, da ake kira asara matsawa.

tare da matsi mara asara, Hoton yana bayyana daidai kamar yadda ya kasance kafin a matsa kuma yana amfani da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ajiya. Da a asara matsawa dabara, wasu bayanai suna ɓacewa lokacin da aka adana fayil ɗin kuma an sake matsawa amma idan aka yi daidai, ba za a iya ganin murdiya daga ainihin fayil ɗin da ba a matsawa ba.

Ana amfani da dabarun matsi mara hasara a cikin ɗaukar hoto na dijital, da kuma cikin ayyukan ƙira mai hoto. Hanyoyin da ba su da hasara suna ba da damar da za a matsa fayiloli zuwa ƙananan ƙananan girma fiye da idan an matsa su da wasu hanyoyi kamar hotunan JPEG waɗanda aka tsara don asara matsawa inda kuka sami ƙaramin girman fayil a kashe ƙimar inganci ko daki-daki.

Sifofin hoto marasa asara sun haɗa da:

• Wutar wuta PNGs (ortf)
• GIF (gif)
• kuma mafi yawan amfani da tsarin TIFF (tafi).

Aikace-aikacen software na sarrafa hoto kamar Photoshop na iya buɗe nau'ikan hotuna daban-daban kuma su canza su zuwa ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ta amfani da fasali kamar "Save As" wanda shine sau da yawa ana canza fayiloli tsakanin tsari ba tare da sauke ƙarin software ba.

Wasu madadin tsarin hoto kamar JPEG 2000 (jp2) kuma suna amfani da wannan nau'in dabarar matsawa duk da haka suna ba da ƙarin fa'ida tunda suna iya adana bayanan kai tsaye daidai idan aka kwatanta da JPEGs yayin da suke da ƙaramin girman fayil saboda ingantaccen tsarin coding.

Kammalawa

Rashin damfara kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya taimaka maka rage girman fayil da adana sararin ajiya, yayin da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba ku rasa kowane bayanai a cikin tsari. Yana ba ku damar damfara fayiloli ba tare da rasa kowane bayanan da suke ciki ba, yin su sauki don adanawa, samun dama da rabawa.

A ƙarshe, matsi mara asara kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci don adana bayanai da sarrafa bayanai na zamani.

Takaitacciyar Matsi mara Asara

Rashin damfara wani nau'in fasaha ne na matsa bayanai wanda ke rage girman fayil ba tare da sadaukar da kowane bayanan da ke ciki ba. Yana da manufa don matsawa tushen fayiloli na rubutu kamar takardu, maƙunsar rubutu, da hotuna da fayilolin mai jiwuwa.

Babban fa'idar matsi mara asara shine shi yana ba ku damar rage girman fayil ba tare da sadaukar da ingancin fayil ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya matsawa ainihin fayil ɗin daidai sau da yawa, yana sauƙaƙa adanawa da canja wurin manyan fayiloli cikin sauri da sauƙi. Hakanan yana ba da damar ingantaccen amfani da ajiya ta hanyar cire bayanan da ba su da yawa daga fayil da adana mahimman abubuwan bayanai kawai.

Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan algorithms na matsawa marasa asara - Algorithms na tushen ƙamus kamar Deflate/GZip ko Lempel-Ziv (wanda ke matsa fayiloli a cikin jerin abubuwan da aka lissafa) ko hanyoyin kawar da redundancy kamar lambar ƙididdiga ko rikodin dogon gudu (wanda ke cire redundancy ta hanyar shigar da tsarin maimaitawa). Kowane nau'i yana da takamaiman dalilai na kansa idan ya zo ga nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai da aikace-aikace.

Don hotuna, musamman, tsarin hoto marasa asara kamar PNG an fifita su akan sauran nau'ikan asara kamar su JPEG saboda suna adana bayanan hoto fiye da yadda JPEG yake yi yayin da suke ba da madaidaicin matakin matsawa ba tare da ɓata mahimmanci ga ingancin hoto ko wahala wajen yankewa ko dawo da ainihin bayanan tushen ba. Hakanan, sauti na dijital uncompressed waveform fayiloli sukan yi mafi kyau da dabarun ƙididdige vector maimakon tsantsar dabarun rage bitrate.

A ƙarshe, matsawa marar hasara shine hanya mai mahimmanci don rage girman girman fayil ba tare da wani sadaukarwa a cikin inganci ba; wannan ya sa su zama mafi kyawun madadin don adana bayanai masu mahimmanci yayin adanawa akan sararin ajiya da farashi. Kamar yadda algorithms daban-daban sun dace da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban fiye da sauran, koyaushe yana da kyau a yi bincike a cikin wane tsari ya fi dacewa da buƙatun ku don kariya ta sirri da ingancin sarari - zaɓin da ya dace na iya yin duk bambanci!

Amfanin Matsi mara Asara

Rashin damfara tsari ne na ɓoyayyiyar bayanai da kuma yanke hukunci wanda ke ba da damar fayiloli don adana sarari ba tare da sadaukar da inganci ba. Kodayake farashin ajiya yana raguwa akai-akai, kiyaye ingantaccen abun ciki na dijital na iya zama tsada da ɗaukar lokaci. Algorithms na matsawa mara lalacewa suna sauƙaƙe ajiya, haɓaka hanyar sadarwa, da canja wurin fayil a cikin tsarin daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, ingantaccen saurin watsa bayanai na iya rage farashin aiki da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan I/O da taimakawa sassan nazarin bayanan kimiyya ko likita su inganta sakamakonsu cikin sauri.

Amfanin amfani da dabarun matsawa mara asara sun haɗa da:

• Rage girman fayil ba tare da gabatar da wani murdiya ko lalata ingancin inganci ba
• Ingantattun saurin lodin shafi ta hanyar rage adadin bayanan da aka tura akan gidan yanar gizo
• Ƙofar buɗe aikace-aikacen tushe waɗanda ke rage farashin sadarwa don samun damar abun ciki akan sabar kan layi
• Ingantacciyar damar adana kayan tarihi don adana dogon lokaci na abun ciki na dijital
• An buɗe hanyoyin don kayan aiki na yau da kullun da sabis na watsa labarai na Intanet ta hanyar ba da damar ɗimbin masu sauraro tare da mafi ƙarancin albarkatun bandwidth.

Barka dai, Ni Kim, mahaifiya ce kuma mai sha'awar tsayawa motsi tare da kwarewa a ƙirƙirar kafofin watsa labarai da haɓaka yanar gizo. Ina da sha'awar zane da raye-raye, kuma yanzu na fara nutsewa a cikin duniyar tasha-motsi. Tare da bulogi na, Ina raba abubuwan da na koya tare da ku mutane.