Shutter: Muma Camera Ndi Chiyani?

pa kim Zasinthidwa: June 28, 2022

Chotsekera ndi gawo la a kamera zomwe zimayendetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kumaloledwa kudutsa ndikufikira filimu kapena sensa ya digito.

Ndichidutswa chamakina chomwe chimatsegula ndikutseka mwachangu kwambiri kuti chijambule chithunzi chimodzi.

M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za kufunika kwa shutter, momwe imagwirira ntchito, ndi mitundu yanji ya matekinoloje a shutter kukhalapo:

Tanthauzo la Shutter

Chotsekera ndi chipangizo chomwe chili mu kamera kapena chida china chosamva kuwala chomwe chimawongolera kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kumafika mufilimu kapena sensa ya chithunzi. Amakhala ndi nsalu yotchinga yowoneka bwino yomwe amatsegula ndi kutseka mofulumira pamwamba pa malo osamva kuwala. Ikatsegulidwa, chotsekacho chimalola kuwala kulowa, ndipo chikatsekeka chimatchinga kuwala kwina kulikonse. Mu makamera amakono, zotsekera zingakhale yoyendetsedwa ndi batire yoyendetsedwa ndi batire osati kugwira ntchito pamanja.

Nthawi yomwe shutter imatsegulidwa imatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthawi yotalikirapo yowonekera, monga pojambula zithunzi m'malo osawoneka bwino monga kuwombera usiku ndi zoikamo zina zowala pang'ono, ndi kopindulitsa kukhala ndi chotseka chotsegula kwa nthawi yayitali kuti kuwala kochulukirapo kulowe mu filimu ya kamera kapena sensa yazithunzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m'malo owala monga kujambula pamasewera kapena kujambula nkhani zothamanga kwambiri, zingakhale bwino kusunga chotsekeracho chitsegulidwe kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri kuti tizigawo ting'onoting'ono ta masekondi tijambulidwe ndipo palibe kusuntha komwe kumawonekera pa chithunzi chomwe chatuluka.

Kuthamanga kwa shutter ndi miyeso mu tizigawo ta sekondi yomwe imatha kuyambira 1/4000th (kapena apamwamba) mpaka mphindi zingapo kutengera luso la kamera yanu. Nthawi zocheperako zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mukafuna kuwala kochulukirapo; liwiro lachangu adzaundana kuyenda kotero mutha kujambula zochita mwachangu popanda kusokoneza.

Mitundu ya Shutters

The shutter ndi gawo lofunikira pa kamera iliyonse ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kuwala kofunikira kuti tiwonetse chojambulacho. Izi zitha kukhala sensa ya digito, filimu kapena mbale. Chotsekera cha kamera chimawongolera momwe kuwala kumaloledwa kudutsa pamalo ojambulira komanso nthawi yayitali bwanji amaloledwa kukhala pamenepo. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa "nthawi ya kukhudzika” m’mawu ofotokoza zithunzi. Zotsekera zimabwera m'mawonekedwe, makulidwe ndi mitundu yambiri koma zonse zimapereka mawonekedwe ena a pobowo momwe kuwala kumadutsa panjira yojambulira panthawi yomwe wojambulayo amawonetsa.

Mayesero akulu akulu a litmus oyika m'magulu otsekera ndi mawonekedwe a ndege (chinsalu kapena kusuntha) ndi mtundu wamayendedwe (chingwe, kasupe kapena zamagetsi).

• Focal Plane Shutter: Chotsekera chamtunduwu chimakhala ndi zinsalu zopyapyala zomwe zimayenda mopingasa pa ndege ikayambika. Katani yoyamba imatseguka kwa nthawi yoikika, kulola kuwala pafilimu/sensa isanalowe m'malo ndi katani yachiwiri yomwe kenako imadzitsekera yokha kutha kuwonekera.
• Chotsekera Leaf: Zotsekera zamasamba ndizochepa kwambiri pamapangidwe ake ndipo zimakhala ndi masamba opangidwa pansi pa pivot yapakati yotchedwa 'Leaves'. Masambawa amatha kutsegulidwa kudzera pamagetsi monga mabatire, mphete zokokera pamanja kapenanso ma pulleys oyendetsa magalimoto omwe amawapangitsa kuti alekanitse akayatsidwa motero amalola kuwala pa chithunzicho kwa nthawi yowonekera yokhazikitsidwa ndi wojambulayo pogwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zamakina monga zingwe zokokera kapena kuyimba. pa makamera amakono.
• Chovala Choyendetsedwa ndi Spring: Njira yoyendetsera masika imakhala ndi magawo atatu; chimbale chachitsulo chathyathyathya pakatikati pake (tsinde lolimba la kasupe); mikono iwiri yothandizira yolumikizidwa mbali iliyonse; ndipo potsirizira pake makatani awiri omwe amalendewera ku manja awa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa mzake ngati zipata ziwiri zotseguka za nsanja zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa mozungulira m'mphepete mwa diski yake yapakati (motero dzina lake la 'castle'). Ikayatsidwa, chimbale chapakatichi chimathamanga kwambiri ndikupangitsa kuti zitseko zitheke kuchititsa kuti makatani/zitseko zitseguke nthawi imodzi zikakhudzana m'mphepete mwazomwe zimawapangitsa kumasula nthawi iliyonse yozungulira ndikuwonetsetsa nthawi yomweyo yomwe zidatenga paulendo womwewo - nthawi zambiri kuyambira magawo achiwiri mpaka masekondi anayi kutengera momwe wina adatsikiratu akasupe a miyala yamtengo wapatali - motero kuzimitsa kuwunikira kumakhudzanso nthawi zomwe zawonedwa pamwambapa ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana kutengera zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adakumana nazo. kwa akatswiri ojambula zithunzi kapena omwe angakhale ogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa mitundu iyi yotsekera zakale zomwe zimapezeka makamaka mumakamera akale kuyambira mibadwo yopitilira itatu yapitayo!

Shutter Mechanism

A kamera shutter ndi gawo lofunikira la kapangidwe kake, chifukwa ili ndi udindo wowongolera nthawi yayitali bwanji sensa ya chithunzi ikuwonekera. Mukasindikiza batani la shutter, shutter imatsegula ndi kutseka kuti kuwala kupite ndikufika pa sensa ya chithunzi, yomwe imapanga chithunzi chomaliza. Chotsekeracho chimakhalanso ndi udindo wopanga mawonekedwe osasunthika kapena kuzizira, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kwambiri pakujambula.

Tiyeni tiwone mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira zotsekera ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito:

Zovala za Mechanical

Zotsekera zamakina amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira makamera akale kwambiri mpaka opangidwa posachedwapa. Zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndizo zotsekera masamba, zotsekera za ndege, zotsekera zozungulira, ndi mphete-ma disks.

• Zovala Zamasamba - Chotsekera chamasamba chimapangidwa ngati chipangizo chamkati chokhala ndi zitsulo zingapo zopindika zomwe zimatseguka ndikutseka ngati makatani. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka zikuyang'anira kabowo ka magalasi pamakamera apamwamba amtundu wamtundu ndi makamera ambiri apakati. Amapereka nthawi zowonetsera zonse kapena palibe zocheperako 1/1000 mphindikati, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa maphunziro monga kujambula pamasewera kapena kuwombera nyama zakuthengo, komwe nthawi ndiyofunikira.
• Focal Plane Shutters - Zotsekera ndege zokhazikika zimalola kuti mawonekedwe atali kwambiri apangidwe pa liwiro lililonse 1/10000 mphindikati, kuwonetsetsa kuwonetseredwa kolondola pamene nthawi ndi yofunika chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka zochitika. Monga dzina lake likusonyezera, mtundu uwu wa shutter umapezeka kumbuyo kwa filimuyo (kapena sensa ya chithunzi) yomwe imatsegula ndi kutseka ndi makatani awiri otsetsereka mbali ndi mbali - nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chinsalu choyamba kapena chachiwiri - kuwonetsa chimango chonsecho mofanana. pamwamba mpaka pansi (kapena mosemphanitsa).
• Zovala za Rotary Sector - Chotsekera chamtunduwu chimakhala ndi diski yomwe imazungulira modutsa mipata iwiri yozungulira yomwe imatsimikizira kuti kuwonekera kutha nthawi yayitali bwanji musanayimenso kukonzekera kuwombera kwina. Ubwino apa ndikuti makinawa amapereka mawonekedwe odziwikiratu munthawi yake kotero ndizothandiza ngati simudziwa nthawi zonse kuti chithunzi chanu chimafuna nthawi yayitali bwanji kuposa zomwe mungakwaniritse ndikusintha kwa kabowo kanu kokha.
• Ring Disk Shutter - The Ring Disk Shutter imagwiritsa ntchito ma slits otsatizana mozungulira kuzungulira kwake kofanana ndi gawo la Rotary koma amalumikizana kuti apange mphamvu yochulukirapo kuposa omwe adawatsogolera motero amalola kusasinthasintha pakati pa mafelemu ngati kujambula zigoli zikuyenda mwachangu kapena kusintha mawonekedwe owunikira mozungulira malo aliwonse owonekera. nthawi yonse yowombera ngati pakufunika. Mtundu uwu umatsimikiziranso kuti mulibe magulu osayembekezeka kapena mipata pachithunzi chanu popeza gawo limodzi silinawonekere mpaka litalumikizana ndi linanso!

Electronic Shutters

Mu makamera a digito ndi zida zina zojambulira zamagetsi, a makina a shutter imagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsa ndi kujambula kuwala pa sensa ya zithunzi. Zotsekera zamagetsi zimatha kukhazikitsidwa ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi kapena ngati makina omangika ovuta.

Mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wa shutter yamagetsi umapangidwa ndi transistor ya photosensitive yoyambitsidwa ndi chizindikiro cha kuwala. Kuwala kukagunda pa transistor, kumayatsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi aziyenda kudzera pa resistor kenako pansi. Izi zimachotsa dongosolo ndipo shutter imasuntha mkati musanatulutse kuwala kuti igunde sensa ya chithunzi.

Ma shutter apamwamba kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kugwedezeka m'malo motsegula ndi kutseka: Pamene kugwedezeka kuyambika, ndodo zomwe zili pamwamba pa electro-optical sensor zimalola kuwala kudutsa m'mipata yomwe imayandikira ndondomeko yotseguka-yotsekedwa. Dongosololi ndi lotsika mtengo kuposa chotsekera chamakina chachikhalidwe ndipo limalola nthawi yowonekera bwino popanda kusiya mawonekedwe azithunzi.

Makamera ena apamwamba kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zigawo za micro-mechanical kuwongolera kwambiri nthawi zowonekera komanso kuthekera kosintha. M'dongosolo lino, madalaivala ovuta amawongolera tizitsulo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masamba mu ma microseconds, kulola kuwongolera bwino kwambiri momwe kuwala kumayenderana ndi pixel iliyonse pagulu la sensa. Ubwino wake ukhoza kuwonedwa pakuchepetsa phokoso kapena kusawoneka bwino chifukwa cha mawonekedwe akutali komanso kukhudzika kwamphamvu kuchokera kwa othamanga.

Ubwino Wogwiritsa Ntchito Shutter

Chotseka ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makamera kuti azitha kuyang'anira kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumaloledwa kugwera pa sensa ya zithunzi. Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za kamera ya digito momwe chithunzicho chimajambulidwa. Liwiro nthawi zambiri ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga zithunzi zazikulu ndipo ndi chida champhamvu kwa ojambula.

M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za ubwino wosiyanasiyana wogwiritsa ntchito shutter mu kamera yanu ya digito:

Kuthamanga Kwambiri kwa Shutter

Liwiro ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa chithunzi chilichonse, chifukwa chimatsimikizira kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe chotseka cha kamera chimakhala chotseguka kuti chiwale. Kuthamanga kothamanga kwa shutter kumalola ojambula kujambula zithunzi zowala mu kuwala kochepa, moyenera kuzizira koyenda ndi zambiri.

Ndi kuthamanga kwa shutter mwachangu, ojambula amatha kujambula zithunzi ndikuzimitsa kuti azitulutsa zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino popanda mdima. Kuthamanga kwa shutter kumaperekanso mphamvu kwa ojambula, kulola zithunzi zamphamvu ndi zochititsa chidwi kumene kuthamanga kwa shutter kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida chothandizira pofotokozera nkhani.

Zina mwazinthu zomwe kuthamanga kwa shutter kumakhala kopindulitsa ndi monga:

• Kugwira masewera akunja monga kukwera njinga zamapiri, kusefukira kapena kayaking
• Kujambula kwanyama, makamaka mbalame zikuuluka
• Kuyesera kulanda madontho a madzi ndi chidwi splash
• Kujambula magalimoto oyenda osasunthika, monga magalimoto panjira yothamanga

Kuwombera mwachangu kumafuna bata kuchokera pamutu wanu; ngati zisuntha pamene chithunzicho chinajambulidwa ndiye kuti sichimveka bwino chifukwa sichidazizira mu nthawi yomwe chithunzicho chinajambulidwa. Osewera pamasewera angafunike kukhala chete mpaka mutawombera; kugwiritsa ntchito liwiro la shutter mwachangu kudzaonetsetsa kuti ngakhale kuyenda pang'ono sikungawononge zithunzi zanu.

Bwino Kuwala Kuwala

Chotseka ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zosunthika pamakamera masiku ano. Ndi chipangizo chomwe chimayang'anira kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe kuwala kumakhudza kachipangizo kamene kamajambula zithunzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito shutter kumawongolera chomaliza cha chithunzi chilichonse komanso kumapereka ufulu wapadera wojambula kwa ojambula.

Kugwiritsa ntchito shutter pojambula kumapereka kuwongolera bwino kwa kuwala pojambula chithunzi. Ndi shutter mutha kuwongolera makonda monga liwiro, chiwerengero cha zithunzi zomwe zajambulidwa pa sekondi imodzi (mlingo wa chimango) ndi kutalika kwa chiwonetsero kuti mukwaniritse bwino pakati pa kuwala komwe kulipo ndi kuwunikira kuchokera ku strobes kapena kuwala. Kuthamanga kwa shutter, mwachitsanzo, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha momwe filimu kapena sensa ya digito imawonekera mofulumira kapena pang'onopang'ono. Kuthamanga kwa shutter kwapang'onopang'ono kumapereka nthawi yochulukirapo yozungulira Kuunikira magwero owonetsa zithunzi moyenera, kulola mithunzi yakuya ndi mitundu yowoneka bwino; kuthamanga kwa shutter kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuwala kochepa komwe kulipo ngati mayunitsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi.

Ubwino wina wosiyanasiyana umabwera pogwiritsa ntchito chotseka cha kamera. Ojambula amatha kuwongolera kwambiri kujambula zinthu zoyenda, kusiya njira zosawoneka bwino zomwe zimawonjezera chidwi cha sewero kapena kuchitapo kanthu poyang'ana chithunzi pambuyo pake; amathanso kutenga mwayi pazokha ngati zosefera nyenyezi pa awo malonda potengera mawonekedwe otalikirapo omwe amawonetsa nyenyezi zakuthwa kumtunda kowala; atha kukhala pawokha ngati angasankhenso chifukwa cha izi! Pamapeto pake, kuwongolera bwino kuyatsa kochita kupanga ndi kwachilengedwe (kuphatikiza kuyatsa koyaka), komanso ufulu wopanga zambiri ndi zina mwazabwino zomwe zimapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsekera zotsekera pachithunzi chilichonse.

Zoyipa Zogwiritsa Ntchito Shutter

Chotseka ndi njira yomwe imawongolera nthawi yomwe lens ya kamera imawonekera pakuwala. The liwiro imatsimikizira kuti chithunzicho chidzawululidwe kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji, zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za chithunzicho. Ngakhale shutter ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino yoyendetsera kuwonetseredwa, pali zina zovuta Izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito shutter mu kamera. Tiyeni tione kuipa kwake.

phokoso

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito shutter, chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi phokoso la shutter. Phokosoli limatha kusokoneza gawo lazithunzi kapena kuwononga kuyesa kulikonse kojambula chithunzi chodziwika bwino. Komanso, powombera m'nyumba ndi kung'anima, kumveka kwaphokoso kokulirapo kochokera ku zotsekera pang'onopang'ono kumatha kukhala kovuta komanso kosokoneza. Makamera ena amabwera ndi Electronic shutter mode zomwe zimathetsa vutoli; komabe, si makamera onse omwe ali ndi zotsekera zamtunduwu ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito amasiyidwa opanda njira ina koma kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse zotsekera makina.

Kuphatikiza apo, popeza makamera ambiri a SLR ali ndi kalilole wamkati zomwe zimatembenuka pamene batani la shutter likakanizidwa, palinso zofunikira kugwedeza kwa kamera zomwe zingawononge zithunzi zina ngati ziwomberedwa pa liwiro locheperako. Kuti mupewe kugwedezeka kwa kamera pakawala pang'ono kapena mukamagwiritsa ntchito magalasi a telephoto, mungafunike kuyika ndalama mu katatu ndikugwiritsa ntchito. zoyambitsa kutali ngati kuli kotheka.

Pomaliza, zotsekera zina zamakina zimakhala wodekha kuposa ena ndipo kusowa kwa mbaliyi kungayambitse mavuto aakulu kwa ojambula omwe amafunika kukhala obisala pamene akujambula zithunzi ndi mavidiyo.

Cost

Choyipa chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito shutter mu kamera ndi mtengo wokhudzana ndi kugula. Chotsekera cha kamera ndi chigawo chophatikizika cha kamera ndipo chimasintha momwe zithunzi zimajambulidwa polola kuwala kudutsa malo okonzedweratu mu nthawi yeniyeni.

Ngati shutter iyenera kusinthidwa, ndiye kuti ikhoza kukhala mtengo komanso zosokoneza chifukwa zotsekera zambiri za kamera ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi akatswiri odziwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kutengera kapangidwe kanu ndi mtundu wa lens ya kamera yanu, mungafunike kugula zida zapadera kapena mphete za adaputala kuti muyike msonkhano watsopano wa shutter.

Kutsiliza

Pomaliza, kumvetsetsa zoyambira za shutter ndi zigawo zake kungakuthandizeni kuti mutenge kujambula kwanu pamlingo wina. Ndikofunika kukumbukira zimenezo liwiro la shutter ndi kabowo adzakhala makonda awiri akulu omwe amawongolera kuwonekera, ndi liwiro ndizofunikira makamaka pojambula zochita.

Kusintha makondawa kukhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za zithunzi zanu ndikuzikonza pozipanga pambuyo kungathe kupititsa patsogolo zithunzi zanu. Mukamaphunzira zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a kamera yanu, mutha kupitiliza kuyesa zosiyanasiyana liwiro la shutter ndi ma apertures kuti mupeze zomwe zimagwira bwino pa chithunzi chilichonse.

Moni, ndine Kim, mayi komanso wokonda kuyimitsa zoyenda komanso wodziwa zambiri pakupanga media komanso kakulidwe ka intaneti. Ndili ndi chikhumbo chachikulu chojambula ndi makanema ojambula, ndipo tsopano ndikudumphira molunjika kudziko loyimitsa. Ndi blog yanga, ndikugawana zomwe ndaphunzira ndi inu anyamata.