Shutter: Chii MumaCamera?

by kim Updated: June 28, 2022

The shutter chikamu che a kamera iyo inodzora huwandu hwechiedza chinobvumirwa kupfuura uye kusvika kune firimu kana digital sensor.

Icho chidimbu chemuchina chinovhura nekuvhara nekukasira kuitira kutora furemu imwechete yemufananidzo.

Muchikamu chino, tichakurukura kukosha kwevhavha, kuti inoshanda sei, uye kuti ndeapi marudzi e shutter tekinoroji kuvapo:

Tsanangudzo yeShutter

Chivharo mudziyo uri mukamera kana chimwe chiridzwa chinonzwa chiedza chinodzora huwandu hwechiedza chinosvika pafirimu kana sensonzi yemufananidzo. Iyo ine opaque curtain iyo inovhura nekuvhara nekukurumidza pamusoro penzvimbo inonzwa chiedza. Kana yakavhurwa, shutter inobvumira chiedza kupinda, uye kana yakavharwa inovhara chero chimwe chiedza chinouya. Mune makamera emazuva ano, zvivharo zvingave inodzorwa nemagetsi uye inofambiswa nebhatiri kwete kushanda nemaoko.

Nguva yenguva iyo shutter yakazaruka inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwayo. Semuenzaniso, munguva yakareba yekuratidzwa senge kana uchitora mafoto emifananidzo mumamiriro asina kujeka senge mapfuti ehusiku uye mamwe-akaderera-mwenje marongero, zvinobatsira kuchengeta shutter yakavhurika kwenguva yakareba kuitira kuti chiedza chakawanda chipinde mukati. kamera firimu kana mufananidzo sensor. Sezvineiwo, mumamiriro ezvinhu akajeka akadai sekutora mafoto emitambo kana kutora zvidzidzo zvinomhanya, zvingave zvinodiwa kuchengetedza shutter yakavhurika kwenguva pfupi kuitira kuti zvikamu zviduku zvemasekondi chete zvinotorwa uye hapana kufamba kunoonekwa pamufananidzo wabuda.

Shutter kumhanya zviyero muzvikamu zvesekondi zvinogona kubva 1/4000th (kana kumusoro) kusvika kumaminetsi akati wandei zvichienderana nekugona kwekamera yako modhi. Nguva dzinononoka dzinoshandiswa kana uchida chiedza chakawanda; kukurumidza kumhanya kuchaomesa kufamba saka iwe unogona kutora nekukurumidza chiito pasina blurriness.

Mhando dzeShutters

The shutter chinhu chakakosha chechero kamera uye chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekudzora huwandu hwechiedza chinodiwa kuratidza svikiro yekufungidzira. Izvi zvinogona kuva digital sensor, firimu kana ndiro. Shutter yekamera inoronga kuti chiedza chinotenderwa kukurumidza sei kupfuura nepakati pemifananidzo uye zvakare inguva yakadii inobvumirwa kugara ipapo. Iyi nzira inonzi "nguva yekusadzivirirwa” mushoko rekutora mifananidzo. Shutters dzinouya mune akawanda maumbirwo, saizi nemhando asi ese anopa imwe nzira yeaperture iyo mwenje inopfuura nepakati peinjiniya yekufungidzira panguva yekuratidzwa yakatarwa nemutori wemifananidzo.

Iwo maviri makuru e-litmus bvunzo dzekuisa mumapoka mavhavha ndeaya focal ndege chimiro (keteni kana kufamba) uye rudzi rwekufamba (lever, chitubu kana zvemagetsi).

• Focal Plane Shutter: Rudzi rwechivharo urwu runosanganisira peya yemaketeni matete anotenderera akachinjika mundege yefirimu kana abatwa. Keteni rekutanga rinovhurika kwenguva yakatarwa, richibvumira chiedza kupinda mufirimu/sensor risati ratsiviwa neketeni rechipiri rinobva razvivharira pacharo richipedza kuratidzwa.
• Leaf Shutter: Zvivhariso zvemashizha zvidiki zvikuru mukugadzirwa kwazvo uye zvine mapanga akarongwa pasi pepivot yepakati inozivikanwa se'Leaves'. Aya mashizha anogona kuvhurwa kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi akadai semabhatiri, zvindori zvekudhonzwa nemaoko kana kunyange mapulley emota anoamanikidza kupatsanura kana amutswa zvichibvumira mwenje pameso ekufungidzira kwenguva yekuratidzwa yakagadzwa nemutori wemifananidzo achishandisa ma mechanical control senge ring tambo dzekudhonza kana dials. pamakamera emazuva ano.
• Spring-Driven Shutter: Muchina unofambiswa nechirimo une zvikamu zvitatu; dhisiki resimbi rakati sandara pakati payo (chitubu chakatemerwa shaft); maoko maviri ekutsigira akabatanidzwa kune rumwe rutivi; uye pakupedzisira maketeni maviri anorembera kubva pamaoko aya kumberi nekuseri kwemumwe semasuwo maviri akavhurika enhare akamiswa akapoteredza mupendero wega wega wepakati disc (naizvozvo zita remadunhurirwa rekuti 'castle'). Kana yaitwa, iyi central disc inosimuka nekukasira ichiita kunetsana kwakaringana kuita kuti maketeni/magedhi avhurwe panguva imwe chete kana angobata pamupendero weumwe neumwe zvichivagonesa kuburitsa panguva yese yekutenderera zvichiburitsa nguva yakafanana neyakatora kutenderera kumwe cheteko - kazhinji kubva pazvikamu-zve-se-sekondi kusvika kumasekonzi mana zvichienderana nekuti yakaomesesa zvakadii kurodha zvitubu zvechishongo zvisati zvaitika - nekudaro kudzima kuvhenekera kwemwenje kunobata zvakananga panguva dzakafanana dzekufumurwa dzakaonekwa pamusoro nemhedzisiro dzakasiyana zvichienderana neruzivo rwemushandisi saka mazinga ehunyanzvi. kune nyanzvi dzekutora mifananidzo kana vangave vashandisi zvakafanana vachiedza marudzi aya evhavha evhavha anowanikwa zvakanyanya mumakamera ekare kubva kumakore anopfuura matatu apfuura!

Shutter Mechanism

A kamera shutter chikamu chakakosha chechimiro chayo, sezvo ine basa rekudzora kuti inguva yakareba sei iyo sensor yemufananidzo inoratidzwa kuchiedza. Paunodzvanya bhatani rekuvhara, shutter inovhura nekuvhara kuti chiedza chipfuure uye chisvike pa sensor yemufananidzo, iyo inogadzira mufananidzo wekupedzisira. Iyo shutter ine basa rekugadzira motion blur kana kutonhora kufamba, ndosaka yakakosha mukutora mifananidzo.

Ngatitarisei mhando dzakasiyana dze shutter mechanisms uye mashandiro avo.

Mechanical Shutters

Mechanical shutters huya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kune dzisina kuchena mumakamera ekare kusvika kune zvigadzirwa zvepamberi zvakagadzirwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Zvizhinji zvinowanikwa zvivhari zvemashizha, zvivharo zvendege, zvivharo zvinotenderera, uye mhete-madhisiki.

• Leaf Shutters - Chivharo chemashizha chinogadzirwa sechishandiso chemukati chine nhevedzano yesimbi dzakaturikidzana dzinovhura nekuvharika semaketeni. Aya anowanzo kuwanikwa achidzora aperture mumalenzi pane yekare rangefinder kamera uye akawanda epakati-fomati makamera. Ivo vanopa zvese-kana-hapana-chinhu kuratidzwa nguva zvishoma pane 1/1000 sec., zvichiita kuti dzive dzakanakira zvidzidzo zvakadai sekutora mifananidzo yemitambo kana kupfurwa kwemhuka dzesango, uko nguva yakakosha.
• Focal Plane Shutters -Yakatarisana nendege zvivhariso zvinobvumira kunyangwe kuratidzwa kwakareba kuitwe chero kumhanyisa kusvika 1/10000 sec., kuve nechokwadi chekuratidzwa kwakaringana kana nguva yakakosha nekuda kwekufamba munzvimbo. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita rayo, rudzi urwu rwevhavha rinowanikwa kuseri kwefirimu repamusoro (kana kuti sensor sensor) pachayo painovhura nekuvhara nemaketeni maviri anotsvedza padivi nepadivi - anowanzo kunzi keteni rekutanga kana rechipiri - rinoburitsa furemu yese zvakaenzana kubva. kumusoro kusvika pasi (kana zvakasiyana).
• Rotary Sector Shutters -Iyi mhando yevhavha ine dhisiki inotenderera yakapfuura maviri akatsemuka mazaru padenderedzwa rayo inotaridza kuti kuratidzwa kunozogara kwenguva yakareba sei isati yamira zvakare yakagadzirira imwe kupfura. Chakanakira apa ndechekuti iyi meshini inopa fungidziro yenguva yakatarwa saka inoshanda kana iwe usinga gara uine chokwadi kuti inguvai yenguva iyo mufananidzo wako unoda kupfuura izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa neako lens aperture kugadzirisa chete.
• Mhete Disk Shutter - Iyo Ring Disk Shutter inoshandisa inoteedzana slits yakatenderedza denderedzwa yakafanana neiyo Rotary Sector asi ivo vanopindirana kuti vagadzire yakawedzera mhedzisiro kupfuura yavakatangira nekudaro vachibvumira kuwirirana pakati pemafuremu kana kufotokodzera kunokurumidza kufamba kana kushandura mamiriro ekuvhenekesa nzvimbo zvakaenzana munzvimbo imwe neimwe yakafumurwa. mukati mehupenyu hwepfuti kana zvichidikanwa. Rudzi urwu zvakare runoita chokwadi chekuti hauzombove nemabhendi asingatarisirwe kana maburi mumufananidzo wako sezvo chikamu chimwe chisina kuburitswa zvachose kudzamara chapindirana nechimwe zvakare!

Electronic Shutters

Mune makamera edhijitari uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi ekufungidzira, a shutter mechanism inoshandiswa kufumura uye kurekodha mwenje pane sensor yemufananidzo. Zvivhariso zvemagetsi zvinogona kuitwa ne rudimentary zvemagetsi kana seakaomarara mamechani magungano.

Iyo inonyanya kukosha vhezheni yemagetsi shutter inoumbwa nephotosensitive transistor inokonzereswa nechiratidzo chemaziso. Kana mwenje ukarova transistor, inobatidza, ichibvumira ikozvino kuti iyerere kuburikidza neinopikisa uye yobva yadzika. Izvi zvinomisa system uye shutter inofamba mukati isati yaburitsa mwenje kuti irove sensor yemufananidzo.

More sophisticated shutters kushandisa vibrations pachinzvimbo chekuvhura nekuvhara: Kana kutenheka kwatanga, matanda akaiswa pamusoro pe sensor ye electro-optical anotendera kuti chiedza chipfuure nepakati penguva dzinenge dzakavhurika-yakavharwa kutevedzana. Iyi sisitimu yakachipa pane yechinyakare mechanivhavha uye inobvumira kuti iwedzere kukwenenzverwa nguva yekuratidzwa pasina kupira kunaka kwemufananidzo.

Mamwe makamera ekupedzisira anoshandisa micro-mechanical components kuitira kutonga kukuru pamusoro penguva yekuratidzwa uye dynamic range kugona. Mune ino sisitimu, madhiraivha akaomarara anodzora madiki magirodhi anobatidza mablades mumamicroseconds, achibvumira zvakanyanya kutonga pamusoro pekuti inguva yakawanda sei chiedza chinofanirwa kupindirana nepixel yega yega pane sensor array. Mabhenefiti anogona kuvonekwa mukudzikiswa kweruzha kana kudzima kubva pakuratidzwa kwenguva refu pamwe nekuwedzera kunzwa kubva kune vanokurumidza.

Zvakanakira Kushandisa Shutter

Shutter mudziyo unoshandiswa mumakamera kudzora kuti chiedza chinotenderwa kudonha kwenguva yakareba sei pa sensor yemufananidzo. Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvekutanga zvekamera yedhijitari kuburikidza iyo mufananidzo unotorwa. Shutter kumhanya kazhinji chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira mafoto makuru uye chishandiso chine simba chevatora mifananidzo.

Muchikamu chino, tichave tichikurukura mabhenefiti akasiyana ekushandisa shutter mune yako digitaalinen kamera:

Inokurumidza Shutter Speed

Shutter kumhanya chinhu chakakosha chepikicha chero ipi zvayo, sezvo ichitara hurefu hwenguva iyo shutter yekamera inoramba yakavhurika kuti ipinde chiedza. Inokurumidza shutter kumhanya inobvumira vatori vemifananidzo kutora mifananidzo yakajeka muchiedza chakaderera, zvinobudirira kutonhora kwekufamba uye tsanangudzo.

Nekukurumidza kuvhara kwevhavha, vatori vemifananidzo vanogona kutora mapfuti echiito uye kuomesa kufamba kuti vabudise mapikicha akajeka uye akajeka asina kujeka. Kumhanya kweShutter kunopawo vatori vemifananidzo kudzora kwekugadzira, zvichibvumira mifananidzo ine simba uye inoshamisa uko shutter kumhanya inogona kushandiswa sechishandiso chinoshanda chekutaura nyaya.

Mamwe emamiriro ezvinhu apo kukurumidza kuvhara kwevhavha kunobatsira kunosanganisira:

• Kubata mitambo yekunze yakadai se kukwira bhasikoro, kusefa kana kayaking
• Kutora mifananidzo kwemhuka, kunyanya shiri dzichibhururuka
• Kuedza kubata madonhwe emvura nechinonakidza splash
• Kutora mafoto mota dzinofamba dzisina blur, senge mota dziri munzira yekumhanya

Kutora mapfuti nekukurumidza kunoda kunyarara kubva pachidzidzo chako; kana vakafamba pakatorwa pikicha ipapo pachange pasisina kujeka nekuti havana kuomeswa nechando nenguva pakatorwa mufananidzo. Vatambi mumitambo vangangoda kuramba vakanyarara kusvikira watora pfuti yako; kushandisa inokurumidza shutter kumhanya kunovimbisa kuti kunyangwe kufamba kudiki hakuparadze mafoto ako.

Zvirinani Kudzora Chiedza

Shutter ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvinoenderana nemakamera nhasi. Icho chishandiso chinodzora kuti mwenje unorova sei yekufungidzira sensor uchitora mafoto. Iko kushandiswa kwevhavha kunonatsiridza mufananidzo wekupedzisira kuburitsa uye zvakare kunopa imwe yakasarudzika rusununguko rwekugadzira kune vanotora mifananidzo.

Kushandisa shutter mukutora mifananidzo kunopa kutonga kurinani pamusoro pechiedza kana uchipfura mufananidzo. Ne shutter unogona kudzora marongero akadai shutter kumhanya, nhamba yemifananidzo yakatorwa pasekondi (frame rate) uye kuratidzwa urefu kuti uwane chiyero chakanaka pakati pechiedza chinowanikwa uye kuvhenekera kubva kune strobes kana kupenya. Shutter kumhanya, semuenzaniso, inoshandiswa kushandura kuti nekukurumidza kana zvishoma nezvishoma iyo firimu kana sensor yedhijitari inoratidzwa pachiedza. Slow shutter kumhanya inobvumira nguva yakawanda ye ambient Chiedza masosi ekufumura mapikicha nenzira kwayo, achibvumira mimvuri yakadzika uye yakanyatso kuratidzwa mavara anopenya; kukurumidza shutter kumhanya kunogona kushandiswa nechiedza chidiki chinowanikwa kana maflash units ari kushandiswa panguva imwe chete.

Zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira zvinouya nekushandisa shutter yekamera chimiro. Vatori vemifananidzo vane masimba akawanda ekutora zvinhu zvinofamba, vachisiya nzira dzisina kujeka dzinowedzera pfungwa yemutambo kana chiito kana uchiongorora mufananidzo mushure; vanogona zvakare kutora mukana weakasarudzika mhedzisiro senge mafirita enyeredzi pavari lenses nekutora nguva refu inoratidza nyeredzi dzakapinza payakajeka kuseri kwedenga; vanogona kunge vari mupfuti yavo kana vakasarudza kutenda kune ichi chimiro zvakare! Pakupedzisira, kutonga kurinani pamusoro pemwenje wekugadzira uye wechisikigo (kusanganisira kudzora kupenya), pamwe nerusununguko rwakawanda rwekugadzira zvinongori zvimwe zvezvakanakira zvinowanwa nekushandisa nzira dzekuvharira dzakafanira pamufananidzo wega wega unotorwa.

Zvakashata zvekushandisa Shutter

Shutter inzira inodzora nguva yekusangana kwekamera pachiedza. The shutter kumhanya inotarisisa kuti mufananidzo uchaburitswa kwenguva yakareba sei, izvo zvinozokanganisa mhedzisiro yemufananidzo. Kunyangwe shutter inogona kuve nzira inoshanda yekudzora kuratidzwa, pane zvimwe zvakashata izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa kana uchishandisa shutter mune kamera. Ngatitarisei kusaipira ikoko.

ruzha

Paunenge uchishandisa shutter, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kunetseka ndezve shutter noise. Ruzha urwu runogona kukanganisa zviri nyore chikamu chemifananidzo kana kukanganisa chero kuedza kwekutora mufananidzo wakajeka. Zvakare, kana uchipfura mudzimba neflash, ruzha rwakanyanya rwekurovera runobva kune kunyange zvishoma zvivhariso zvinogona kunetsa uye kukanganisa. Mamwe makamera anouya ne electronic shutter mode iyo inobvisa dambudziko iri; zvisinei, haazi ese makamera ane rudzi urwu rwevhavha uye vashandisi vanosara vasina imwe sarudzo kunze kwekushandisa yavo yenguva dzose mechanical shutters.

Pamusoro pezvo, sezvo mazhinji eSLR kamera ane girazi remukati iyo inobhururuka kana bhatani rekuvhara rikadzvanywa, pane zvakare zvakakosha kamera kuzunguza izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mamwe mafoto kana akapfurwa painononoka shutter kumhanya. Kuti udzivise kuzununguka kwekamera munzvimbo dzakadzika-mwenje kana uchishandisa telephoto lenses, ungangoda kuisa mari mutatu uye kushandisa. remote trigger pese pazvinogoneka.

Pakupedzisira, mamwe ma mechanical shutters ari akanyarara kupfuura vamwe uye kushaikwa kwechinhu ichi kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akakura kune vanotora mifananidzo vanofanirwa kuramba vakabira vachitora mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo.

mutengo

Iko kusakosha kukuru kwekushandisa shutter mumakamera ndeye mari inoenderana nekuitenga. Chivharo chekhamera chinhu chakabatanidzwa chekamera uye chinoshandura nzira iyo mifananidzo inotorwa nekubvumira kuti chiedza chipfuure munzvimbo yakafanorongwa munguva yakati.

Kana shutter inoda kuchinjwa, zvino inogona kuva dhura naizvozvowo kusagadzikana nekuti zvivharo zvekamera zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kutsiviwa nenyanzvi dzehunyanzvi. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinoenderana nedhizaini uye modhi yekamera yako lens, ungangoda kutenga zvishandiso zvakakosha kana zvindori zveadapter kuitira kuisa iyo itsva shutter assembly.

mhedziso

Mukupedzisa, kunzwisisa izvo zvekutanga zvevhavha uye zvikamu zvayo zvinogona kukubatsira iwe kutora mafoto ako kune rinotevera nhanho. Zvakakosha kuyeuka izvozvo shutter speed uye aperture ichave iyo miviri mikuru marongero anodzora kuratidzwa, uye shutter kumhanya inonyanya kukosha pakubata chiito.

Kugadzirisa zvigadziriso izvi zvinokanganisa akasiyana mafoto ako uye nekuagadzirisa mumashure-kugadzirwa kunogona kuwedzera kusimudzira mifananidzo yako. Sezvo iwe uchiwedzera kudzidzira mukushandisa akasiyana maficha ekhamera yako, unogona kuenderera uchiedza zvakasiyana kumhanya kwekuvhara uye maapertures kuwana izvo zvinoshanda zvakanyanya pamufananidzo wega wega.

Mhoroi, ndini Kim, amai uye munhu anofarira zvekumira-famba ane ruzivo mukugadzira midhiya nekuvandudzwa kwewebhu. Ndine chido chikuru chekudhirowa uye mifananidzo, uye ikozvino ndiri kunyura nemusoro munyika yekumira-kufamba. Neblog rangu, ndiri kugovera zvandinodzidza nemi varume.