Ukumboza: Yintoni ekwiCamera?

ngo kim Ukuhlaziywa: Juni 28, 2022

ukuvuleka ibalulekile ikhamera isici esichaphazela isixa sokukhanya esifikelela kwisivamvo sekhamera kutyhileko olunikiweyo. Kukuvula kwilensi okumisela ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okuvumelekileyo ukuba kudlule kwaye kuya kuchaphazela ububukhali bomfanekiso.

Ukuvula kwakhona kuchaphazela ubungakanani bendawo ekugxilwe kuyo. Nakuphi na ukuvezwa okunikiweyo, i-aperture encinci iya kudala indawo enkulu ekugxilwe kuyo ngelixa i-aperture enkulu iya kudala indawo encinci ekugxilwe kuyo.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ukuba yintoni i-aperture kunye nendlela enokusetyenziswa ngayo ukufumana iziphumo ezingcono zokufota:

Ingcaciso yeMbombo

ukuvuleka luseto kwiikhamera zeefoto ezilawula ubungakanani bokuvuleka kwelensi, okanye iris. Imisela ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okuya kudlula ukufikelela kwinzwa yomfanekiso. Ubungakanani bombhobho budla ngokubonakaliswa ngaphakathi f-ukumisa, kwaye inokusuka kumaxabiso aphantsi (ukuvulwa okubanzi) ukuya kumaxabiso aphezulu (ukuvulwa okuncinci).

Ngokutshintsha i-aperture, awukwazi ukulawula i-exposure yakho kuphela kodwa kunye neyakho ubunzulu bendimi - ungakanani umfanekiso wakho oya kugxila. Ixabiso elikhulu lokuvula lithetha ukuba ngaphantsi komfanekiso wakho uya kugxila, uwenza ube luzizi kwaye wenze isiphumo esifana nephupha. Imingxuma emincinci yenza ubunzulu bomhlaba obuphezulu, ukwenza yonke into ekugxilwe kuyo -ilungele imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye neeshoti zamaqela.

Indlela uMbhobho Obuchaphazela Ngayo Ukutyhileka

ukuvuleka kukuvuleka okuhlengahlengiswayo ngaphakathi kwelensi evumela ukukhanya ukuba kudlule kwaye kufikelele kwinzwa yomfanekiso wekhamera. Ubungakanani bolu kuvulwa bungatshintshwa ukulawula ubungakanani bokukhanya okungena kwilensi. Olu lawulo luvumela abafoti ukuba bahlengahlengise ukukhanya, okanye ukukhanya, yemifanekiso yabo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya.

Xa ukukhanya kungena kwi-lens, kudlula kwi-aperture ehlengahlengiswayo, equkethe i-ring ene-multiple blades eyenza ukuvuleka. Iincakuba zinokuvuleka okanye ukuvala kuxhomekeke ekubeni kungakanani ukukhanya okufunekayo ukuze kuvele ukukhanya okufanelekileyo. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwaziwa njengobungakanani bokuvula kwaye kulinganiswa ngayo f-ukumisa – ixabiso lamanani elidla ngokuba phakathi f/1.4 kunye f/22 uninzi iilensi. Imbobo enkulu ithetha ukuba ukukhanya okuninzi kuya kungena kwikhamera, okukhokelela kumfanekiso oqaqambileyo; ngokuchaseneyo, ngesikhala esincinci, ukukhanya okuncinci kuya kungena kwikhamera yakho kubangele ifoto emnyama.

Ukusetyenziswa kwee-f-stops ezahlukeneyo kuyakuchaphazela namanye amalungu enkangeleko yomfanekiso. Isayizi enkulu yokuvula (esezantsi f-stop) inokudala ubunzulu bomhlaba obungenzulwanga ngokunjalo nokwandisa ukufiphala okungasemva kunye umgangatho we-bokeh; Ngelixa usebenzisa isayizi encinci yokuvula (i-f-stop ephezulu) iya konyusa ubunzulu bebala ngelixa iyancipha imfiliba yangasemva kunye neempawu ze-bokeh kwiifoto.

Iisetingi zokuvula ziyafumaneka kwiikhamera ezininzi zedijithali namhlanje, zombini iimodeli zamanqaku kunye nokudubula kunye neekhamera ze-DSLR ezinobunkunkqele ezineelensi ezitshintshanayo. Ukwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo ukusetwa kwayo kuqinisekisa amanqanaba afanelekileyo okuvezwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeefoto!

Ukuqonda Imilinganiselo Yomngxunya

Umngxuma wokuvula yekhamera kukuvuleka kwilensi evumela ukukhanya ukuba kudlule kwaye kufikelele kwinzwa yomfanekiso. Umngxuma wokuvula ulinganiswa ngaphakathi f-amanani, ezisisiphumo sobude obugxilwe kunye nobukhulu bokuvulwa kwelensi.

Ukwazi ukuhlengahlengisa ixabiso lokuvula yeyona nto iphambili ekubambeni iifoto ezimangalisayo, ke makhe sijonge ngakumbi. ixabiso lokuvula kwaye zisebenza njani.

I-F-Stop kunye ne-T-Stops

Isikali esiqhelekileyo sokulinganisa ubungakanani bokukhanya i-lens ephumela kuyo saziwa njenge f iyamisa or f-amanani. Ukumisa kusekelwe ku-a umlinganiselo, echaza ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okuhanjiswa yi-lens. Imikrolo enamanani aphezulu e-f ahambelana neelensi ezineelensi ezincinci, ezivumela ukukhanya okuncinci. Umzekelo, i-aperture ye F / 2.8 singene ukukhanya okuphindwe kabini njengendawo yokuvula F / 4.

Kusetyenziswa ifomula efanayo ukubala t-ukumisa, kodwa kukho ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo phakathi kwabo kunye ne-f-stops ekufuneka ikhunjulwe xa ukudubula ngeekhamera zobungcali. Nangona amaxabiso abonakalisiweyo asenokufana (umz., F / 2 kwaye T2), ii-t-stops zilinganisa uthumelo lokwenene ngelixa i-f-stop ilinganisa ukukhanya xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu bomfundi wokungena.

Ngamanye amazwi, zonke ezinye izinto zilingana, ilensi yamisa ukuya f / 2 iya kuvumela ukukhanya okuncinci kunokwe- t/2 ngenxa yelahleko ethile phakathi kwenzwa kunye nalapho umisela khona ixabiso lokuvezwa - ngokwesiqhelo kumfundi wokungena kwiilensi zakho. Ngaphaya koko, ukuba ujolisa ilensi enye ukuya kokungapheliyo kuzo zombini iisetingi ze-t kunye ne-f-stop uyakubona malunga nazo. 1/3 EV umahluko (1 stop) phakathi kwabo ngenxa yelahleko ebangelwe kukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi kuninzi lwee-engile zooms xa uyeka ukusuka ekuvulekeni okubanzi - ke ayizizo zonke iilensi eziya kuziphatha ngokufanayo apha!

Uluhlu lokuvula

ukuvuleka yindawo ehlengahlengiswayo kwiikhamera zedijithali ezilawula ubungakanani bokuvuleka kwediaphragm yelensi. Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba “f-stop” okanye umlinganiselo wojoliso, kwaye imelwe luthotho lwamanani-f njenge f/2.8, f/5.6 kwaye nangokunjalo. Olu luhlu, olukwabizwa ngokuba yi indawo yokuvula, ibhekisa kwezona ndawo zincinci nezinkulu zokuvuleka kwelensi ezikhoyo kwikhamera ethile.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-aperture enenombolo ephantsi iya kubangela ukuvulwa kwelensi enkulu, evumela ukukhanya okungakumbi ukuba kubanjwe yinzwa nangawuphi na umzuzu. Oku kuneempembelelo ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Imifanekiso eqaqambileyo enengxolo encinci
2. Ubunzulu bomhlaba obungekho nzulu obunceda ukutsalela ingqalelo kumxholo ophambili

Amaxabiso aqhele ukusetyenziswa aphantsi aphreyitha aquka f/1.4 kunye f/2.8 kwiilensi eziqaqambileyo ezifuna ukukhanya okuncinci ukuze kusebenze ngokugqibeleleyo. Amaxabiso aphezulu aneenombolo ezifana f/11 okanye f/16 zidla ngokuqeshwa ngeelensi ezicothayo ezifuna ukukhanya okuthe kratya nangawuphi na umzuzu ukuze kuthathwe imifanekiso ecocekileyo ngaphandle kwengxolo eninzi okanye umgangatho onamantshontsho kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-ISO.

Isishwankathelo, ukuqonda Uluhlu lokuvula ibandakanya ukuqonda ubudlelwane bayo phakathi kwemimiselo yobuntununtunu be-ISO kunye namanqanaba okukhanya - amaxabiso asezantsi okungena avelisa imifanekiso eqaqambileyo ngelixa amaxabiso aphezulu e-aperture anokunceda ukugcina wonke umfanekiso ugxile ngelixa ufiphaza iinkcukacha ezingasemva xa kufuneka ukudubula okunzulu kwebala.

Umngxuma kunye nobunzulu beNdawo

ukuvuleka luseto kwilensi yekhamera yakho echaphazela ukuvezwa kwefoto yakho. Ikwasisixhobo esinamandla sokufumana umfanekiso owufunayo ngqo. Ngokutshintsha i-aperture, unokulawula ubungakanani bokukhanya okungena kwi-lens, kunye ne ubunzulu bendimi.

Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga i iinzuzo zokuvula kwaye ibuchaphazela njani ubunzulu bebala.

Ubunzulu beNdawo obungenzulwanga

Ubunzulu bomhlaba obungekho nzulu sisiphumo a indawo enkulu yokuvula. Ngokunyusa ubungakanani bendawo yakho yokuvula (inombolo yef encinci), ifoto yakho encinci iya kugxila, ikhokelela kubunzulu bebala. Ubunzulu bentsimi buyinto enqwenelekayo kwimifanekiso, ukufota okukhulu kunye neefoto zomhlaba apho ufuna ukwahlula umxholo wakho kwimvelaphi okanye ngaphambili. Yongeza idrama kumfanekiso kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza imifanekiso emangalisayo ukuba isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ngokuvula indawo yakho yokuvula (inombolo f-encinci) kunye nokusebenzisa i iilensi ezibambe bubanzi ngomgama ofanelekileyo ukusuka kwisifundo, ungafumana iziphumo ezintle zokwenyani ngoseto lokukhanya okuphantsi njengokutshona kwelanga okanye ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa useto oluphezulu lwe-ISO. Kuya kufuneka usebenzise ukukhanya kwangaphandle okukodwa okanye ezibini okanye izixhobo zokukhanyisa ukuze ugqibelele ubukhali kwaye ufumane umgangatho wobuchwephesha wokujonga iifoto zakho. Indibaniselwano ye imingxuma emikhulu (f/2.8 – f/4) enobude obucacileyo obufutshane (14mm – 50mm) xa uthatha imifanekiso kwisethingi yokukhanya okuphantsi idla ngokusebenza kakuhle!

Ubunzulu beNdawo

Ubunzulu bebala kwenzeka xa uluhlu olukhulu lwezinto zigxile kwifoto. Xa ukudubula ngobunzulu bebala, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indawo enkulu yokuvula kwaye unciphise ugxininiso lwakho kwimvelaphi kunye nomphambili wefoto. Ukufezekisa oku, kuya kufuneka usete indawo yokuvula ikhamera yakho kweyona isetingi incinci. Ngokwenza oku, ukukhanya okungena kwilensi kunokunyanzelwa ngakumbi, kwandisa ubunzulu bentsimi.

Ubunzulu bentsimi bumiselwa yindibaniselwano yezinto ezifana ezisisivalo isantya kunye nobude be-lens ekugxilwe kuyo - zombini zidibene. Xa udubula nge-lens ebanzi-engile (apho ukukhanya kungena ngokukhululekileyo kwaye kuvelisa ubunzulu obungekho nzulu), usebenzisa isantya esicothayo sokuvala ngelixa usondeza ngaphandle kwaye ugxile kwizinto ezikude kuya kubangela ubunzulu bomhlaba obanjiweyo. Ngokufanayo, xa udubula nge-telephoto lens (apho kungena ukukhanya okuncinci kuphela) kwisantya esivalayo esikhawulezayo siyakonyusa ugxininiso kwizinto ezikufutshane ezikhokelela kubunzulu obuthinjiweyo kwakhona.

Umngxuma wokuvula nokushukuma

ukuvuleka lelinye lawona malungu abalulekileyo ekhamera. Ngumngxuma kwilensi olawula ubungakanani bokukhanya kwelensi ekungenisela kuyo. ubunzulu bendimi, eyindawo yomfanekiso ekugxilwe kuyo. Ukongeza, i-aperture nayo idlala indima kwisixa se Uhambo lwenqubo ekhoyo kwifoto.

Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ngokusondeleyo kubudlelwane phakathi indawo yokuvula kunye nentshukumo.

Ukuvula ngokukhawuleza

A ukuvula ngokukhawuleza yilensi enovuleko olubanzi oluvumela ukukhanya okungakumbi ukuba kungene isivamvo sekhamera xa uthatha iifoto okanye ividiyo. Ububanzi be-aperture, isantya se-shutter esikhawulezayo sinokusetyenziswa, esiluncedo ekubambeni izifundo ezihambayo. Ikwanciphisa imfuno yokukhanyisa okungeyomfuneko kwiimeko ezithile. Ngamanye amazwi, i-lens yokuvula ekhawulezayo iya kukuvumela ukuba uthathe imifanekiso ekukhanyeni okuphantsi ngaphandle kobumnyama okanye ingxolo ngenxa yezantya ezicothayo zesivalo okanye useto oluphezulu lwe-ISO.

Imingxuma ekhawulezayo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba iindawo ezinkulu or F-amanani aphantsi (ngesiqhelo f/2.8 okanye ngaphantsi). I-aperture enkulu ibonelela ngobunzulu bebala, obukuvumela ukuba ufiphale imvelaphi kwaye wenze imizobo enomtsalane. Xa ukudubula imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye noyilo, ukuba ne-lens ebanzi-engile enamanani amancinci ka-f kuba kubaluleke ngakumbi kuba banokuvumela ukukhanya ngakumbi ngelixa begcina indawo elungileyo yokwakheka kwakho ibukhali.

Okukhona imbobo isikhulu, kokukhona amaxesha akho okuba mafutshane abe sesichengeni xa ufota izinto ezihambayo (umzekelo, iimoto) okanye unqanda ukungcangcazela kwekhamera (umz., ukufota ebusuku ngesandla). Ngelensi ekhawulezayo kakhulu njenge f/1.4 inkulu, abafoti banokuthembela kubunzulu obubanzi bolawulo lwentsimi kunye nokukhanya kwendalo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwentshukumo kuyonakalisa iingoma zabo—ilungele ukufota ebusuku kunye nemiboniso yasedolophini!

Umbhobho ocothayo

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili yokuvula kancinane kukufiphala kwentshukumo. Ngokunciphisa ubungakanani bokuvula, ixesha elingakumbi linikezelwa ukuba ukukhanya kudlule kwilensi, ngokwenza oko kube lula ukubamba intshukumo kwaye kujongeke njengokufiphala kobugcisa. Xa udubula umxholo ohamba ngokukhawuleza, ukuseta indawo yokuvula indawo yokumisa kancinane kuya kuyibamba ngokucacileyo intshukumo yayo kwimifanekiso emininzi ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye ibangele Uhambo lwenqubo.

Ngelixa izantya ezicothayo kancinane zesivalo zinokuphinda zibe ngumkhenkce intshukumo, ukusebenzisa indawo ecothayo yokuvula inceda ekudaleni ixesha elide lokuvezwa ngaphandle kokunyusa i-ISO okanye ukunciphisa isantya sesivalo. Ngaloo ndlela, unokusebenza ngokulula malunga naziphi na iimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi ezinokufuna enye okanye zombini ezo zilungiso.

Ngaphezulu koko, ukunciphisa ubungakanani bokuvula kubonelela kakhulu ubunzulu bebala (ekwabizwa ngokuba yimvelaphi), ikuvumela ukuba uhlukanise umbandela wakho kwindawo ekungqongileyo kwaye ugxile koko ufuna ukukubonisa kumfanekiso wakho. Esi siphumo sisetyenziswe ishumi leminyaka emva kweshumi leminyaka kwiifoto; umzekelo, ukwenza mfiliba ezinye iinkcukacha okanye abantu abanokuthi baphazamise kuluvo lwakho lokuqala ngokubeka ngokungacacanga phakathi kokwakheka kuya kunceda ukugxila kwakhona kuphawu lwakho oluphambili kwaye kwandise ukubaluleka kwalo kubabukeli.

Umngxuma wokuvula nokuKhanya okuPhantsi

ukuvuleka inefuthe elithe ngqo kwiifoto zakho ezithathwe kwindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi. Efotweni, oku kubhekiselele kubungakanani bomngxuma welensi olawula ubungakanani bokukhanya okungena kwinzwa yekhamera. A indawo enkulu yokuvula ivumela ukukhanya okungakumbi, kubangele ifoto eqaqambileyo. A imbobo encinci ivumela ukukhanya okuncinci, kwaye idinga ixesha elingakumbi ukuvelisa ifoto eqaqambileyo. Oku kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi kwi iimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi.

UkuFota okuKhanyayo okuphantsi

Xa ufota kwiimeko eziphantsi zokukhanya, ukuqonda i-cone shape kunye izicwangciso zokuvula ibalulekile. Umngxuma wokuvula ubukhulu bembobo phakathi kwediaphragm yelensi yekhamera kwaye ngaloo ndlela ubungakanani bokukhanya obanjiweyo. Imingxuma iqala ukusuka F2 ukuya kuF16 kunye naluphi na uhlengahlengiso phakathi, ngokuxhomekeke kwimodeli yekhamera.

Ukuba imeko yokufota ifuna iinkcukacha ezithe chatha okanye umahluko, emva koko ukhethe indawo encinci yokufota-- ukuvala okanye ukunciphisa ukuvuleka kwelensi –– iyimfuneko. Iisayizi ezincinci zokuvula zilawula ukukhanya okuchane ngakumbi ukufikelela kwinzwa yekhamera ekhokelela kwimifanekiso ebukhali kwindawo yokukhanya okuphantsi.

Abafoti abanamava ngakumbi banomdla wokukhumbula iisetingi ezinkulu zokuvula indawo, ezinje F2, makukhanye ngakumbi ngelixa ubungakanani obuncinci bokuvula njenge F4 iyakunciphisa ukukhanya okungenayo, iyenze ibenzima ngakumbi xa idubula kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi. Xa ujongene nobumnyama okanye iimeko zokukhanya ezingaqhelekanga soloko usonyusa isantya se-shutter yakho kunye ne-ISO endaweni yokutshintsha useto lwekhamera yakho eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi; oku kugcina i-pixilation ezinzileyo kwiifoto ngelixa inikezela ngeenkcukacha ezichukumisayo xa ziprintwe ngobungakanani obupheleleyo -- ifaneleke ngakumbi iimagazini ezimenyezelayo kunye neepowusta!

Iisetingi zeMvula eBanzi

kuba ukufota ukukhanya okuphantsi, imimiselo yokuvula indawo ebanzi (iphantsi f/inani) kunokuba luncedo ngokuvumela ukukhanya okungakumbi kudlule kwilensi ukuya kwisivamvo sekhamera. I-aperture ebanzi ikwanceda ukunciphisa ukushukuma kwekhamera ngenxa yamaxesha okuvezwa amade afunekayo kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi. Ukufezekisa ubunzulu obunzulu beziphumo zentsimi okanye ugqaliselo olukhethiweyo, iindawo zokuvula ezibanzi okanye iisetingi ezisezantsi ze-f/manani ziyacetyiswa.

Xa unyusa ubungakanani bakho bokuvula, ubungakanani be "stop" nganye kwisikali buyacutheka kwaye ngaloo ndlela isixa sokukhanya esingeniswayo sinyuka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba uphinda kabini isayizi yakho yokuvula ukusuka kwi-f-stop ukuya kwenye, uyayeka ukukhanya okuphindwe kabini ngaphakathi ngenyathelo ngalinye ukuya phezulu kwaye xa usuka kwesinye uye ezantsi usinciphisa ngesiqingatha.

Xa ukudubula kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba isitophu ngasinye sikuchaphazela kangakanani utyhileko kunye nokuba ingakanani ingxolo eyenziwayo ngotshintsho ngalunye lokumisa. Xa sithetha ngokubanzi, isithinteli ngasinye osinyusayo sinokuba nenani Ingxolo ephindwe kabini ezinxulumene nayo ngenxa yokuba neefoto ezininzi ezibetha inzwa nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye ngaloo ndlela sazisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo.

Molo, ndinguKim, umama kunye nomthandi we-stop-motion onemvelaphi kwindalo yemidiya kunye nophuhliso lwewebhu. Ndinothando olukhulu lokuzoba kunye noopopayi, kwaye ngoku ndintywila kuqala kwihlabathi le-stop-motion. Ngebhlog yam, ndabelana nawe ngokufunda kwam.