Ubunzulu beNdawo: Yintoni ekwiikhamera?

ngo kim Ukuhlaziywa: Juni 28, 2022

Ubunzulu bomhlaba (DOF) Bubuchule bokufota obunokukunceda uvelise imifanekiso eneziphumo ezinomtsalane zembonakalo. Injongo yayo ephambili kukugcina i indawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwingqwalasela ebukhali ngelixa izinto ezingasemva zibonakala zithambile kwaye zimfiliba.

Kungumbono obalulekileyo ukuqonda ukuba ujonge ukuthatha iifoto ezijongeka njengengcali.

Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ukuba yintoni DOF kukuba, isebenza njani, kwaye kutheni ibalulekile.

Yintoni ubunzulu beNdawo?

Ubunzulu bebala, okanye DOF, ibhekisa kuluhlu olubukhali olwamkelekileyo ngaphakathi komfanekiso. Oku kungasetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba ungakanani umboniso ogxininisiweyo ngalo naliphi na ixesha kwaye ivumela abafoti ukuba benze iingoma ezinomdla nezisebenzayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, yindawo apho izinto zibonakala zibukhali ngokwamkelekileyo, kunye nayo yonke into engaphandle kwale ndawo ibonakala ingabonakali njengoko umgama ukusuka kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo usanda.

Njengegama lobugcisa, ubunzulu bebala buchaza umgama phakathi kweendawo ezikufutshane nezikude apho nayiphi na indawo yomfanekiso isenokuthi ibonakale ibukhali ngokwamkelekileyo. Thatha umzekelo into emalunga neemitha ezili-10 ukusuka kuwe: ukuba ubunzulu bebala lakho bebuziimitha ezili-10 ngoko yonke into engaphakathi kweenyawo ezili-10 iya kugxila; ukuba ubunzulu bentsimi yakho ibiziimitha ezi-5 kuphela nantoni na phakathi kweenyawo ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-10 iya kujoliswa; kwaye ukuba ubunzulu bebala lakho belunyawo olu-1, ngoko ke nantoni na engaphakathi kolu nyawo lu-1 iyakuhlala ibukhali ngokwamkelekileyo ngelixa yonke enye into iyakuba mfiliba okanye ingagxili.

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ubunzulu bommandla onje:

• Ubungakanani bembobo (ekwaziwa njenge-f-stop)
• Ubude obujolisiweyo (ubude bojoliso budla ngokuba nobudlelwane obuguqukileyo ne DOF)
• Umgama ukuya kwisihloko (okukhona usondela kwinto eya kuba nzulu ngakumbi i-DOF yakho).

Kubalulekile ukuqhelana nendlela nganye into eyichaphazela ngayo i-DOF ukuze ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa kakuhle xa uthatha imifanekiso.

Busebenza Njani Ubunzulu Bomsebenzi Wasentsimini?

Ubunzulu bomhlaba (DOF) bubuchule obusetyenziswa ekufotweni ukulawula uluhlu lwengqwalasela, okanye ngawaphi amalungu omfanekiso avela kugqaliselo kwaye angabonakali. Isebenza ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuvula yekhamera ukumisela ubungakanani bokukhanya okuya kuvunyelwa kwilensi nakwinzwa yomfanekiso.

Eyona parameter ibalulekileyo echaphazela ubunzulu bebala ubude obujolise kuko. Njengoko oku kusanda, i-DOF iyancipha kuwo nawuphi na umngxuma onikiweyo – ubude bendawo ejonge kuyo buya kwenza nemingxuma emincinane ivelise ubunzulu bomhlaba obungekho nzulu kunobude obufutshane bokugxila; esi siphumo sibonakala ngakumbi njengoko amandla okukhulisa enyuka.

Ubunzulu bendawo bunokuchatshazelwa zezinye izinto, eziquka:

• Umgama phakathi kwesihloko kunye nemvelaphi
• Umgama phakathi kwesihloko kunye nelensi
• Uhlobo lwelensi
• Ukusebenzisa isibane sangaphandle

Nganye inefuthe kubungakanani boluhlu oluya kuwela kugxininiso olubukhali kuyo nayiphi na indawo yokuvula enikiweyo.

Ukuze unikeze ifoto ebukhali, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezi zinto xa usenza izigqibo zokuqulunqa kunye ukuseta useto lwekhamera -kodwa ekugqibeleni kukuwe ukuba ufuna izinto ezikufutshane okanye ezikude zinikezelwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okubukhali ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esinye!

Iintlobo zobunzulu beNdawo

Ubunzulu bomhlaba (DOF) ibhekisa kumgama phakathi kweendawo ezikufutshane nezikude kumfanekiso obonakala ugxile. Yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba bonke abafoti kufuneka bayiqonde xa bethatha iifoto, njengoko inceda ukwenza umfanekiso ojongeka ngakumbi.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zoBunzulu beNdawo: Ngacacile kwaye nzulu. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini kwaye sixoxe xa unokusebenzisa enye phezu kwenye.

Ubunzulu beNdawo obungenzulwanga

Ubunzulu bebala, kwaziwa njenge 'ingqwalasela ekhethiweyo'okanye ubunzulu obufutshane bebala, ngumphumo obakho xa umfoti efuna ukuba imvelaphi ingagxilwanga kwaye umxholo ugxininise kakhulu. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokucwangcisa indawo yokuvula okanye ukuvuleka kwelensi kolona useto lubanzi (ephantsi f-stop) okukhokelela kwisiphumo somfiliba. Ubunzulu bomhlaba obungenzulwanga bukwanceda uku yahlula umbandela kwindawo yawo kwaye tsalela ingqalelo kuyo.

Ubunzulu bomhlaba obunzulu bunokusetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi na imeko-indawo evulekileyo ebanzi okanye izitalato zedolophu ezixineneyo. Olu hlobo lokufota luluncedo ngakumbi kwi-portraiture, njengoko lunika ukuvakala okumangalisayo kunye nokukhangayo malunga nombandela. Ingasetyenziselwa imbonakalo yomhlaba, uyilo kunye nokufota imveliso nayo.

Xa usenza ubunzulu obunzulu beefoto zentsimi kukho izinto ezithile ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo:

• Umgama kumxholo wakho
• IAngle ngokunxulumene nesihloko sakho
• Ubude obugxile kwiilensi
• Umiselo lwembobo
• Ukukhanyisa zonke zichaphazela ukuba zingakanani iinkcukacha ezifakwe emfanekisweni.

Ukufumana imixholo ebukhali enemvelaphi emfiliba kufuna ulinge ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokusebenzisa i-engile ebanzi iilensi iindawo ezinkulu okanye iilensi ezinde kwiindawo ezixineneyo. Ukongezelela kugxilwe kwi imigama eyahlukileyo kumxholo wakho iyakunika iziphumo ezahlukileyo kancinci ke ziqhelanise namanqaku ogqaliselo phakathi kwemitha enye kunye nokungenasiphelo ude ufumane iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo.

Ubunzulu beNdawo

Ubunzulu bebala kwenzeka xa yonke into kwisakhelo igxile ukusuka ngaphambili ukuya ngasemva. Esi siphumo sifumaneka ngokusetyenziswa kwe-a isithuba esincinci, okanye i-f-stop, yakho ikhamera ukunciphisa indawo ekungagxilwa kuyo. Ngelixa ukusebenzisa i-aperture encinci kuya kunciphisa ukukhanya kwakho okukhoyo, kunokuba yimfuneko kwiifoto zembonakalo yomhlaba okanye ukufota okubhaliweyo apho ufuna ngakumbi isakhelo sakho sigxile.

Isebenza kakuhle xa unento esondela kufutshane okanye kude kwaye usafuna yonke into yokudubula kwakho kugxininiso naxa behamba emajukujukwini. Ubunzulu bomhlaba bunokusetyenziselwa misa isenzo njengomntu obalekayo okanye intaka ebhabhayo ngelixa ugcina yonke enye into ngokufanelekileyo kwingqwalasela. Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto zokusingqongileyo, ukufikelela kubunzulu bentsimi kunokufuna ukuvala ilensi ukuya kuyo f/16 kwaye kunokwenzeka f/22 -ke kuyahlawula ukwazi useto lwekhamera yakho kwaye uyisebenzise ngobulumko!

Izinto ezichaphazela ubunzulu beNdawo

Ubunzulu bebala ngumbono onxulumene nokuthatha imifanekiso ngeekhamera, kwaye ichatshazelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto zibandakanya uhlobo lwelensi oyisebenzisayo, i-f-stop yelensi, ubude bojoliso, kunye nomgama wesihloko ukusuka kwisivamvo sekhamera. Zonke ezi zinto zidlala indima ekunqumeni ubunzulu bentsimi emfanekisweni, kwaye ukuqonda kubalulekile ekudaleni izithonga ezinyanzelisayo.

Makhe sijonge nganye kuzo ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi:

• Uhlobo lwelensi oyisebenzisayo
• I-F-stop ye-lens
• Ubude obujolisiweyo
• Umgama wesihloko ukusuka kwisivamvo sekhamera

ukuvuleka

Ubungakanani bendawo yokuvula oyikhethayo buya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kuwe ubunzulu bendimi. Imbobo ngumlinganiselo wokuba ivuleke kangakanani i-lens, kwaye yiyo evumela ukukhanya kwikhamera. I-aperture enkulu ibonelela ngobunzulu bomhlaba ongenzulu ukuze kugxilwe kuphela kumxholo wakho, ngelixa i-aperture encinci idala indawo enzulu ukuze ubambe ngakumbi kugxininiso lwendawo yakho. Ngokulungelelanisa ubungakanani bendawo yakho yokuvula-ekwabizwa ngokuba yiyo f-stop -ungatshintsha ukuba zeziphi izinto ezihlala kugxininiso olubukhali kwaye zeziphi eziwela kugxininiso. Enkulu f-stop amanani amele imingxuma emincinci ngelixa emincinci f-stop amanani amele imingxuma emikhulu.

Ukongeza, ezinye iilensi ziyilelwe ukunika ubunzulu obahlukeneyo bentsimi kubude obahlukeneyo bokujongwa njenge iilensi zomfanekiso ezinobude bokujolisa obude inika ubunzulu bebala obungaphantsi kuneelensi zeengile ezibanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa usebenzisa iilensi zomzobo, unokukwazi ukugcina izinto ezininzi zigxile nkqu neendawo ezivulekileyo ezibanzi okanye ufikelele kubunzulu obunzulu ngakumbi ngeelensi zembonakalo yomhlaba efanayo xa usebenzisa imikrozo emincinci okanye ephakathi. Ngokusetyenziswa kwe Ukutshintsha iilensi ezongeza iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ezilungele ukufumana ulawulo phezu kohlengahlengiso lwembono enzulu, le ngcamango ibaluleka ngakumbi.

Ubude obude

Ubude obujolisiweyo yenye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ubunzulu bebala lokufota. Ubude bokujongisisa yi-engile yokujonga okanye uluhlu lokusondeza lwelensi, ngokuqhelekileyo lubonakaliswa ngeemilimitha. I-lens ye-50mm ithathwa njenge-lens eqhelekileyo, kwaye i-lens ebanzi-engile inobude obugxininise ngaphantsi kwe-35mm. I-telephoto lens inobude bokujolisa ngaphezulu kwe-85mm.

Okukhona ubude bomgqaliselo, i-engile yokujonga iya kuba icuthene – kwaye ubunzulu bentsimi buya kuba nganeno. Esi siphumo sinokuba luncedo xa uzama ukufezekisa ukwahlukana ukusuka kwimvelaphi yokudubula kwesifundo esinye - imifanekiso, umzekelo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iilensi ze-engile ezibanzi zikholisa ukuba nobunzulu bebala elinzulu ngenxa yokuba ufanelekile ngakumbi kukudubula kwakho kwaye ke ufuna indawo engaphezulu ekugxilwe kuyo.

Okukhona mfutshane ubude bakho bojoliso, i kufuneka sicothe isantya sokuvala isivalo sakho enokudala iingxaki ngokungcangcazela kwekhamera kunye nemiba efiphalisayo kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi ukuba isantya sakho sesivalo asikhawulezi ngokwaneleyo ukumisa nasiphi na intshukumo eyenzekayo kwindawo yakho njenge imithi evuthuza umoya okanye abantwana ababalekayo.

Umgama wesifundo

Umgama wesifundo yi eyona nto ibalulekileyo xa kufikwa ekulawuleni i ubunzulu bendimi kwimifanekiso yakho. Xa usondeza ikhamera okanye ukude kakhulu kumxholo wakho, nokuba intshukumo encinci inokuba nefuthe kububukhali bomfanekiso.

Ngokubanzi, ukuba uhambisa ikhamera yakho kufutshane nesihloko, iza ku ukwandisa ubunzulu bebala kwaye wenze umfanekiso wakho ubonakale ubukhali kwaye ulungile. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuhambisa ikhamera yakho kude nesihloko ngeke ukunciphisa ubunzulu bebala kwaye wenze izinto ezingaphambili nangasemva kwaloo nto iphambili ibonakale ingekho kugxininiso.

Ukusebenzisa ubunzulu beNdawo ngokuyilayo

Ubunzulu bomhlaba (DOF) sisixhobo sokudala ukufota esinokukunceda ukulawula uluhlu lokubukhali kumfanekiso. Yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokutsala ingqalelo kwizinto ezithile zokwakheka kwakho.

Kweli candelo, siza kujonga indlela onokuyisebenzisa ngayo DOF ukuthatha iifoto ezinomdla ngakumbi, ukusuka kwimifanekiso ukuya kwimbonakalo yomhlaba.

Ukudala Imvelaphi eMfiliba

Ubunzulu bebala Bubuchule bokufota obunceda ukuzisa ingqwalasela kwisifundo sakho esiphambili ngelixa ufiphalisa ngasemva, usenza imifanekiso emihle ezele bubomi kunye nentshukumo. Le ndlela iphumelele inkxaso yayo ngokusebenzisa i-aperture yekhamera ukulawula ukukhanya okungena kwi-sensor, kunye nokulawula ukuba ububanzi okanye buncinci kangakanani uluhlu lokugxila kumfanekiso.

Usebenzisa olu seto, unokwenza imvelaphi ethambileyo ene-bokeh entle encoma kakuhle izifundo zakho eziphambili. Xa uthatha iifoto ngemvelaphi emfiliba, ngokwesiqhelo iingcali ziya kuseta iikhamera zazo ukuba zizisebenzise indlela yokuvula kuqala enendawo evulekileyo ebanzi njenge f/1.4 okanye f/2.8. Ngolu seto, yonke into ngasemva naphambi kwesihloko sakho esiphambili ingaphandle kobunzulu benqwelo-moya kwaye iya kuba ngaphandle kokugxila okanye imfiliba xa iboniswe kumfanekiso.

Ukuba noseto olufanelekileyo lobunzulu bebala kunokongeza izinto zokuyila ezinje ngeeflare zelensi kunye nezinye iziphumo zobugcisa ezinokuthi zenze amaqhekeza amangalisayo obugcisa bokufota.

Ngokuseta iilensi zekhamera yakho ukwenza ubunzulu bamabala xa udubula imifanekiso ngoku unokwahlula izinto kwiifoto zakho ngelixa uvumela ababukeli bazi eyona nto ufuna bayiphawule kakhulu-umxholo okhoyo! Njengoko abafoti beqhubeka befunda ubugcisa babo kwaye besebenzisa olu seto rhoqo ekuhambeni kwexesha, baya kuqinisekisa ukuba beza neendlela ezintsha zokukwazi ukufiphalisa imvelaphi kunye nokukhupha ubuchule kukudubula ngakunye!

Ukukhetha Umbandela

Ubunzulu bebala ngumgama phakathi kweyona nto ikufutshane kunye neyona nto ikude kakhulu evela kwingqwalasela ebukhali eyamkelekileyo efotweni. Xa usebenzisa ubunzulu bentsimi ngokuyilayo, unako yahlula umbandela kwindawo yawo. Amacandelo amabini aphambili kukuvula kunye nobude obugxile.

Ubude bokujongwa okude benza ubunzulu bentsimi kwaye abuniki mda wokwahlula isifundo kwindawo esingqongileyo. Ilensi ene-engile ebanzi, kwelinye icala, inobunzulu obukhulu bebala obuvumela indawo eninzi yokwahlula isifundo kwimvelaphi yaso kunye nezinye izinto ezingenelelayo ekugxilwe kuzo.

Isetingi yokuvula indawo enkulu (ngokubanzi f/1.8 okanye f/2) kuya kunceda ukufezekisa le mpembelelo yahlula isifundo sakho kwimvelaphi yaso ngokusenza sibukhali ngakumbi kunayo yonke enye into esemva kwaso - unike ugxininiso olongezelelweyo kwisifundo sakho ngelixa unikela ingqalelo encinci kuyo yonke into eyenzekayo ngeenxa zonke. Ilensi yoluhlu oluphakathi olugxininise ngesandla (f/2.8 ifanelekile) iya kugxininisa ngakumbi esi siphumo ukuba isetyenziswe ngokudityaniswa nomthombo wokukhanya ongeyomfuneko njengodanyazi okanye izibonisi ezijoliswe kuzo ezinceda ukwahlula iimbalasane ezijikeleze into efotwayo kwaye inike ulawulo olungaphezulu kwimeko yokukhanya.

Olu hlobo lokufota lunika abafoti ukulawula imifanekiso yabo ngokufiphalisa okanye ukufihla izinto ezisusa kwinto ekufanele ibe yeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo - ehlala ikhokelela kwiimeko ezicingelwayo ezinezifundo ezivakalisiweyo ezibekwe zodwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokusikwa ngokuthe ngqo!

Ukusebenzisa Ubunzulu Bommandla Ukubalisa Ibali

Benzisa i ubunzulu bentsimi ukubalisa ibali sisixhobo esibonakalayo esinamandla ngendlela emangalisayo esivumela ababukeli ukuba bagxile kwiindawo ezithile zomfanekiso. Ngokusebenzisa obu buchule, abafoti banokutsalela ingqalelo kwizinto ezithile ezingaphakathi kwefoto, benze iifoto ezinomdla neziyilayo ezithi zitsale ababukeli.

Umzekelo, umfoti usenokukhetha ukusebenzisa ubunzulu bebala lokufota ukuze afiphaze imvelaphi kwaye ubuso bomntu buhlale ngaphakathi. ingqalelo ebukhali. Obu buchule buvumela iliso lombukeli ukuba litsaleleke ngoko nangoko kwindlela umntu athetha ngayo, nto leyo ephucula umphumo weemvakalelo ezidluliswa kwifoto. Oku kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi xa ufota abantu abasebenzayo okanye abo babandakanyekayo kwinto ethile (umsebenzi okanye umsebenzi).

Omnye umzekelo unokuba kukusebenzisa ubunzulu bentsimi xa ufota iimbonakalo-mhlaba okanye ubume besixeko. Ngokufiphalisa izinto ngasemva, abafoti banokugxininisa iinkcukacha ezikuluhlu lwabo lokujolisa kwaye bancede ukuyila iingoma eziguqukayo ngokukhokela iliso lababukeli kufutshane nesakhelo. Abafoti banokukhetha ukusebenzisa obu buchule xa kukho izinto eziphazamisayo emva komxholo wabo oyintloko. Ukuzifihla oku kuya kwenza ukuba isifundo sabo sicace ngakumbi ukuba besithotywe ngayo yonke enye into ekugxilwe kuyo.

Nangona usebenzisa idof enzulu (umngxuma omkhulu) ixhaphake kakhulu kubafoti bembonakalo yomhlaba ngenxa yokukwazi ukugcina zonke izinto zangaphambili kunye nemvelaphi icacile kwaye ibonakala ngelixa zidityaniswe nokuvezwa ixesha elide, ukuba nolwazi oluthile malunga nokuba nini kwaye phi na apho inokuza luncedo kubalulekile nokuba loluphi uhlobo lokufota olwenzayo ukusukela oko. inokuba luncedo kakhulu ngenye imini njengesixhobo esongezelelweyo esikunceda ukuzisa ubuchule bakho nangakumbi!

isiphelo

Ngokuqonda ubunzulu bendimi, unokulawula iziphumo kwaye usebenzise amathuba okudala anikezelayo. Ubunzulu bebala Ichaphazela indlela umxholo ophambili owahluke ngayo kwindawo yawo, ngoko ke ikuvumela ukuba wenze isigqibo sokuba zeziphi iilensi ozifunayo kunye nendlela yokusebenza ngazo. Ukuqaphela ubunzulu bendimi ikwanceda ukuba uhlengahlengise useto lwakho kunye nendawo yakho yokufota, ukuze ukwazi ukuthatha imifanekiso ekufuneka ubenayo ukuze wenze isiqwenga sefoto esinefuthe ngakumbi.

Molo, ndinguKim, umama kunye nomthandi we-stop-motion onemvelaphi kwindalo yemidiya kunye nophuhliso lwewebhu. Ndinothando olukhulu lokuzoba kunye noopopayi, kwaye ngoku ndintywila kuqala kwihlabathi le-stop-motion. Ngebhlog yam, ndabelana nawe ngokufunda kwam.