Shutter: Yintoni ekwiCameras?

ngo kim Ukuhlaziywa: Juni 28, 2022

Isivalo lilungu le-a ikhamera elawula ubungakanani bokukhanya okuvunyelwe ukuba kudlule kwaye kufikelele kwifilimu okanye kwinzwa yedijithali.

Sisixhobo somatshini esivula kwaye sivale ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuthathwe isakhelo esinye sefoto.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ngokubaluleka kwe-shutter, indlela esebenza ngayo, kwaye zeziphi iintlobo ze iitekhnoloji ze-shutter zikhona:

Inkcazo yeShutter

Isivalo sisixhobo esikwikhamera okanye esinye isixhobo esingevani kukukhanya esilawula ubungakanani bokukhanya okufika kwifilimu okanye kwisivamvo somfanekiso. Iqulathe ikhethini opaque ukuba ivula kwaye ivale ngokukhawuleza phezu komphezulu obuthathaka kukukhanya. Xa ivuliwe, isivalo sivumela ukukhanya ukuba kungene, kwaye xa sivaliwe sivala nakuphi na okunye ukukhanya okungenayo. Kwiikhamera zanamhlanje, izivalo zisenokuba ilawulwa ngombane kwaye inikwe amandla yibhetri kunokuba iqhutywe ngesandla.

Ubungakanani bexesha apho i-shutter ivuliwe inokwahluka ngokokusetyenziswa kwayo. Umzekelo, kwixesha elide lokuvezwa njengaxa uthatha iifoto zemifanekiso kwiimeko ezimfiliba ezifana nokufota ebusuku kunye nezinye iisetingi zokukhanya okuphantsi, kuluncedo ukugcina isivalo sivulekile ixesha elide ukuze ukukhanya okungakumbi kungene ifilimu yekhamera okanye inzwa yomfanekiso. Ngokuchaseneyo, kwiimeko eziqaqambileyo ezifana nokufota kwezemidlalo okanye ukuthabatha izifundo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza, kunokunqweneleka ukugcina i-shutter ivuliwe ixesha elifutshane kakhulu ukwenzela ukuba kuphela amaqhezu emizuzwana abanjwe kwaye kungabikho ntshukumo ivela kwifoto ephumayo.

Izantya zokuvala yimilinganiselo kumaqhezu omzuzwana onokuqala ukusuka 1/4000th (okanye ngaphezulu) ukuya kwimizuzu emininzi kuxhomekeke kubuchule bekhamera yakho. Amaxesha acothayo asetyenziswa xa ufuna ukukhanya okungakumbi; izantya ezikhawulezayo ziya kukhenkceza intshukumo ukuze ubambe intshukumo ekhawulezayo ngaphandle kobuthuntu.

Iintlobo zeeShutters

The ezisisivalo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na ikhamera kwaye eyona njongo yayo iphambili kukulawula ubungakanani bokukhanya okufunekayo ukuze kuvele i-imaging medium. Oku kunokuba yinzwa yedijithali, ifilimu okanye ipleyiti. Isivalo sekhamera siyalawula Ukukhanya kuvumeleke ngokukhawuleza kangakanani ukuba kudlule kwindawo yomfanekiso kwaye kwakhona ixesha elingakanani elivunyelwe ukuhlala apho. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba “ixesha lokungakhuseleki” kwisigama sokufota. Iishutha ziza ngeemilo ezininzi, ubungakanani kunye neentlobo kodwa zonke zibonelela ngolunye uhlobo lwendawo yokuvula apho ukukhanya kudlula kwindawo yokucinga ngexesha lokuvezwa elimiselwe ngumfoti.

Iimvavanyo ezimbini eziphambili ze-litmus zokwahlulahlula izivalo zezivalo zezi imilo yendiza egxile (umkhusane okanye uhamba) kunye uhlobo lwentshukumo (i-lever, intwasahlobo okanye i-elektroniki).

• Isivalo sePlanethi ekugxilwe kuso: Olu hlobo lwesivalo luquka iperi yekhethini ezibhityileyo ezihamba ngokuthe tye kwinqwelomoya yefilimu xa isenziwa. Umkhusane wokuqala uvula ixesha elimisiweyo, uvumela ukukhanya kwifilimu/kwinzwa yoluvo ngaphambi kokuba kutshintshwe umkhusane wesibini emva koko izivale ngokwawo ukuphelisa ukutyhileka.
• Isivalo seLeaf: Izivalo zamagqabi zincinci kakhulu kuyilo lwazo kwaye ziquka iincakuba ezicwangciswe ngaphantsi kwepivothi esembindini eyaziwa ngokuba 'ngamagqabi'. Ezi blades zinokuvulwa ngemithombo yamandla enjengeebhetri, iiringi zokutsalwa ngesandla okanye iipuli eziqhutywa ngemoto ezithi zizinyanzele zahlukane xa zisenziwa oko kuvumela ukukhanya kumphezulu womfanekiso kangangexesha lokuvezwa elimiselwe ngumfoti esebenzisa ulawulo lomatshini olufana neentambo zokutsala umsesane okanye ukudayela. kwiikhamera zanamhlanje.
• Isivalo esiqhutywa eNtwasahlobo: Umatshini oqhutywa entwasahlobo unamacandelo amathathu; icwecwe lesinyithi esisicaba kumbindi walo (ishafti exineneyo entwasahlobo); iingalo ezimbini ezixhasayo ezidityaniswe kwicala ngalinye; kwaye ekugqibeleni amakhethini amabini axhonywe kwezi ngalo ngaphambili nangasemva kwenye njengamasango amabini avulekileyo eenqaba amisiweyo ajikeleze umphetho ngamnye wediski yombindi wayo (kungoko igama lesidlaliso 'lenqaba'). Xa ivuliwe, le diski esembindini ivuthuluka ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo idale uxinezeleko olwaneleyo ukwenza ukuba zombini iikhethini/amasango avuleke ngaxeshanye nje ukuba achukumise udini lomnye ewenza ukuba akhulule kumjikelo ngamnye wokujikelezisa ngaloo ndlela eveza elo xesha linye elithathiweyo kwaloo mjikelo mnye – ngokwesiqhelo ukusuka kumaqhezu-wesibini ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzwana emine ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela umntu aqine ngayo ukulayisha iimithombo zabo zejewel kwangaphambili - ngaloo ndlela ukucima ukukhanya okunefuthe ngqo kulawo maxesha okuvezwa afanayo abonwe ngasentla ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumava omsebenzisi kungoko amanqanaba olawulo. kubafoti abaziingcali okanye abaza kuba ngabasebenzisi ngokufanayo bezama ezi ntlobo zezivalo zokuvala ezifunyenwe ikakhulu kwiikhamera zakudala ukusuka kwizizukulwana ezithathu ezidlulileyo!

Inkqubo yokuvala

Ikhamera ezisisivalo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesakhiwo sayo, njengoko inoxanduva lokulawula ixesha elingakanani inzwa yomfanekiso ibonakaliswe ekukhanyeni. Xa ucofa iqhosha lokuvala, i-shutter iyavula kwaye ivale ukuvumela ukukhanya kudlule kwaye kufikelele kwinzwa yomfanekiso, eyenza umfanekiso wokugqibela. Isivalo sikwanoxanduva lokwenza blur intshukumo okanye intshukumo yomkhenkce, yiyo loo nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekufotweni.

Makhe sijonge kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze iindlela zokuvala kunye nendlela abasebenza ngayo:

Iishutha zoomatshini

Izivalo zoomatshini ziza kuluhlu lweentlobo, ukusuka kwiikhamera ezikrwada ukuya kwezona ziphambili ziyilwe mva nje. Uninzi oluxhaphakileyo lufumaneka izivalo zamagqabi, izivalo-zivalo zenqwelomoya, izivalo zecandelo elijikelezayo, kwaye ring-disks.

• IiShutter zamagqabi – Isivalo seqabunga sakhiwe njengesixhobo sangaphakathi esinoluhlu lweentsimbi ezithe kratyana ezivulelekayo nezivale njengamakhethini. Ezi zihlala zifunyaniswa zilawula indawo yokungena kwiilensi kwiikhamera zodidi oluqhelekileyo kunye neekhamera ezininzi ezikwimo ephakathi. Banikezela ngamaxesha okuvezwa konke-okanye-nto ngaphantsi kwe 1/1000 umzuzwana., izenza zilungele izifundo ezifana nokufota kwezemidlalo okanye ukufota izilwanyana zasendle, apho ixesha libalulekile.
• IiShutter zePlanethi ezigxininisiweyo -Izivalo zenqwelomoya ezigxininisiweyo zivumela nolona tyhileko lude ukuba lwenziwe nangasiphi na isantya ukuya 1/10000 umzuzwana., ukuqinisekisa ukuvezwa okuchanekileyo xa ixesha libalulekile ngenxa yentshukumo kwindawo. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, olu hlobo lwe-shutter lufumaneka ngokukhawuleza emva kwendawo yefilimu (okanye inzwa yomfanekiso) ngokwayo apho ivula kwaye ivale kunye namakhethini amabini atyibilika ecaleni - adla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumkhusane wokuqala okanye wesibini - eveza yonke isakhelo ngokulinganayo ukusuka. ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi (okanye ngokuphambene).
• Iishutter zeCandelo leRotary – Olu hlobo lwe-shutter lunediski ejikelezayo edlulileyo imingxuma emibini yokuvuleka kwi-circumference yayo emisela ukuba i-exposure iya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani ngaphambi kokumisa ngokuzenzekelayo kwakhona ilungele enye i-shot. Inzuzo apha yeyokuba lo matshini unika utyhileko oluxelwe kwangaphambili oluxelwe kwangaphambili, ngoko ke iluncedo ukuba awusoloko uqinisekile ukuba loluphi ubude bexesha olufunwa ngumfanekiso wakho ngaphaya koko kunokuphunyezwa ngohlengahlengiso lwakho lokuvula i-lens kuphela.
• Ring Disk Shutter -I-Ring Disk Shutter isebenzisa i-slits elandelelanayo ejikeleze i-circumference yayo efana neCandelo le-Rotary kodwa ziyadibana ukuze zenze isiphumo esithe kratya kunesandulela sazo kungoko ivumela ukuhambelana okuthe kratya phakathi kwezakhelo ukuba kufotwa iithagethi ezihamba ngokukhawuleza okanye ukutshintsha iimeko zokukhanya kwendawo ngokulinganayo kwindawo nganye eveziweyo. kubo bonke ubomi bokudubula ukuba kuyafuneka. Olu hlobo lukwaqinisekisa ukuba awukhe ubenawo amabhanti angalindelekanga okanye izikhewu kumfanekiso wakho kuba indawo enye ayivezwanga ngokupheleleyo de idibane nenye!

Iishutha zombane

Kwiikhamera zedijithali kunye nezinye izixhobo zokucinga nge-elektroniki, a indlela yokuvala isetyenziselwa ukuveza nokurekhoda ukukhanya kwinzwa yomfanekiso. Izivalo ze-elektroniki zinokuphunyezwa nge-elekthronikhi eqhelekileyo okanye njengeendibano ezintsonkothileyo zoomatshini.

Olona guqulelo lusisiseko lwe-shutter ye-elektroniki luqulunqwe yi-photosensitive transistor ebangelwa ngumqondiso we-optical. Xa ukukhanya kubetha i-transistor, iyatshintsha, ivumela i-current ukuba ihambe nge-resistor kwaye emva koko emhlabeni. Oku kumisa inkqubo kwaye i-shutter ihamba ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokukhulula ukukhanya ukubetha inzwa yomfanekiso.

Ukusetyenziswa kwee-shutter eziphucukileyo iivibrations endaweni yokuvula nokuvalwa: Xa i-vibration iqaliswa, iirods ezibekwe phezu kwe-sensor ye-electro-optical ivumela ukukhanya ukuba kudlule kwizithuba ezimalunga nolandelelwano oluvulekile-luvaliweyo. Le nkqubo inexabiso eliphantsi kunesivalo soomatshini kwaye ivumela amaxesha okuvezwa alungiswe kakuhle ngaphandle kokuncama umgangatho womfanekiso.

Ezinye iikhamera ezikumgangatho ophezulu zisebenzisa amacandelo micro-mechanical kulawulo olukhulu lwamaxesha okuvezwa kunye nezakhono zoluhlu oluguqukayo. Kule nkqubo, abaqhubi abanzima balawula iileva ezincinci ezenza iiblade kwii-microseconds, zivumela ulawulo olulunge ngakumbi malunga nokuba lingakanani ixesha lokukhanya okudibana nepikseli nganye kwi-sensor array. Izibonelelo zinokubonwa ekucuthekeni kwengxolo okanye ukwenza luzizi ukusuka kutyhileko olude kunye nokwandiswa kobuntununtunu obusuka kwabakhawulezayo.

Iingenelo Zokusebenzisa iShutter

Shutter sisixhobo esisetyenziswa kwiikhamera ukulawula ukuba ukukhanya kuvunyelwe ukuba kuwele ixesha elingakanani kwisivamvo somfanekiso. Yenye yezinto eziphambili zekhamera yedijithali apho umfanekiso uthathwa khona. Isantya sokuhamba ihlala iyinto ebalulekileyo ekudaleni iifoto ezintle kwaye sisixhobo esinamandla sabafoti.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuxoxa ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa isivalo kwikhamera yedijithali:

Isantya sokuvala ngokukhawuleza

Isantya sokuhamba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na ifoto, njengoko imisela ubude bexesha isivalo sekhamera esihlala sivuliwe ukuze sivumele ukukhanya. Izantya ze-shutter ezikhawulezayo zivumela abafoti ukuba bathathe iifoto eziqaqambileyo ekukhanyeni okuphantsi, ngokufanelekileyo intshukumo yomkhenkce kunye neenkcukacha.

Ngezantya ezikhawulezayo zesivalo, abafoti banokuthwebula imifanekiso kwaye bamise intshukumo ukuze bavelise iifoto ezicacileyo nezicacileyo ngaphandle kobumnyama. Izantya zokuvala zikwanika abafoti ngokuyila ngakumbi, ukuvumela imifanekiso enamandla kunye nemangalisayo apho isantya seshutha sinokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo esisebenzayo sokubalisa ibali.

Ezinye zeemeko apho isantya sokuvala isivalo siluncedo ziquka:

• Ukubamba imidlalo yangaphandle efana ukuhamba ngebhayisekile entabeni, ukusefa okanye ukukhwela inqanawa
• Ukufota ngezilwanyana, ngakumbi iintaka zibhabha
• Ukuzama ukubamba amathontsi amanzi ngomdla sitshabalalisa
• Ukufota izithuthi ezihambayo ngaphandle kwe-blur motion, njenge iimoto kumzila womdyarho

Ukuthatha amanyathelo okudubula ngokukhawuleza kufuna ukuthi cwaka kwisifundo sakho; ukuba ziyashukuma ngelixa umfanekiso uthathiweyo kuya kuba mfiliba ngenxa yokuba awazange abe ngumkhenkce ngexesha lokuthatyathwa kwefoto. Abadlali kwezemidlalo banokufuna ukuhlala bezolile de kube emva kokuba uthathe udubulo lwakho; usebenzisa isantya sesivalo esikhawulezayo siya kuqinisekisa ukuba neentshukumo ezincinci aziyi konakalisa imifanekiso yakho.

Ulawulo loKhanya olungcono

Shutter yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwaye zisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kwiikhamera namhlanje. Sisixhobo esilawula ukuba ukukhanya kubetha ixesha elingakanani kwinzwa yomfanekiso ngelixa uthatha iifoto. Ukusetyenziswa kwesivalo kuphucula imveliso yokugqibela yomfanekiso kwaye ikwabonelela ngenkululeko yokuyila ekhethekileyo kubafoti.

Ukusebenzisa i-shutter ekufotweni kunika ulawulo olungcono ekukhanyeni xa udubula umfanekiso. Nge-shutter ungalawula useto olunje isantya se-shutter, inani lemifanekiso ethathiweyo ngesekhondi (ixabiso lesakhelo) kwaye ubude be-exposure ukufezekisa ukulingana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokukhanya okukhoyo kunye nokukhanya okuvela kwi-strobes okanye ukukhanya. Isantya sokuvala, umzekelo, sisetyenziselwa ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokucothayo ifilimu okanye isivamvo sedijithali esivezwa ekukhanyeni. Izantya zokuvala ezicothayo zivumela ixesha elingakumbi le-ambient Ukukhanyisa imithombo yokubonisa imifanekiso ngokufanelekileyo, ivumela izithunzi ezinzulu kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo; Izantya zesivalo ezikhawulezayo zingasetyenziswa ngokukhanya okuncinci kakhulu okukhoyo ukuba iiyunithi ezidanyazayo zisetyenziswa ngaxeshanye.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinye izibonelelo ziza nokusebenzisa isici sekhamera yeshutha. Abafoti banolawulo oluthe kratya ekubambeni izinto ezihambayo, beshiya ngasemva imizila engacacanga eyongeza intsingiselo yedrama okanye isenzo xa bephonononga umfanekiso emva koko; banokuthatha inzuzo yeziphumo ezizodwa ezifana Izihluzi zenkwenkwezi kuzo iilensi ngokuthatha amaxesha amade abonisa iinkwenkwezi ezitsolileyo kwimvelaphi yesibhakabhaka esiqaqambileyo; banokuba ngowabo ukudubula ukuba bakhetha umbulelo kweli nqaku! Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo olungcono kukhanyiso olwenziweyo kunye nolwendalo (kubandakanya ukudangala kokulawula), kunye nenkululeko eninzi yokuyila zezinye zezibonelelo ezizuzwa ngokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokuvala okufanelekileyo kwifoto nganye ethathiweyo.

Iingxaki zokuSebenzisa iShutter

Shutter sisixhobo esilawula ixesha lokuvelelwa kwilensi yekhamera ekukhanyeni. I isantya se-shutter inquma ukuba ifoto iya kuboniswa ixesha elingakanani, nto leyo echaphazela umphumo wefoto. Nangona i-shutter inokuba yindlela esebenzayo yokulawula ukuvezwa, zikho ezinye ngxaki oko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa usebenzisa ishutha kwikhamera. Makhe siqwalasele ezo zingeloncedo.

noise

Xa usebenzisa i-shutter, enye yeenkxalabo eziphambili ingxolo yesivalo. Le ngxolo inokuphazamisa ngokulula iseshoni yeefoto okanye yonakalise nayiphi na inzame yokuthatha umfanekiso ocacileyo. Kwakhona, xa udubula ngaphakathi ngeflash, isandi esingxolayo esiphuma kwizivalo ezicothayo sinokuba yingxaki kwaye siphazamise. Ezinye iikhamera ziza ne imowudi yokuvala i-elektroniki ephelisa le ngxaki; nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iikhamera ezinolu hlobo lwezivalo kunye nabasebenzisi abashiywe ngaphandle kolunye ukhetho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa rhoqo izivalo zoomatshini.

Ukongeza, kuba uninzi lweekhamera ze-SLR zine- isipili sangaphakathi elijikayo xa iqhosha lokuvala licinezelwe, kukho okubalulekileyo Shake camera enokonakalisa ezinye iifoto ukuba zidutyulwe kwizantya ezicothayo zesivalo. Ukunqanda ukushukuma kwekhamera kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi okanye xa usebenzisa iilensi zetelephoto, unokufuna ukutyala imali kwi-tripod kwaye usebenzise. izibasi ezikude nanini na kunokwenzeka.

Ekugqibeleni, ezinye izivalo zoomatshini zi cwaka kunabanye kunye nokungabikho kolu phawu kunokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu kubafoti abafuna ukuhlala bechwechwa ngelixa bethatha imifanekiso kunye neevidiyo.

ixabiso

Eyona nto ingalunganga yokusebenzisa i-shutter kwiikhamera yi iindleko ezinxulumene nokusithenga. I-shutter yekhamera yinxalenye edibeneyo yekhamera kwaye iguqula indlela imifanekiso ebanjwe ngayo ngokuvumela ukukhanya kudlule kwindawo enqunywe kwangaphambili kwixesha elithile.

Ukuba i-shutter idinga ukutshintshwa, ngoko ingaba ezibizayo njengo engalunganga kuba uninzi lwezivalo zekhamera kufuneka zitshintshwe ngamagcisa aqeqeshiweyo. Ukongeza, kuxhomekeke kuyilo kunye nemodeli yelensi yekhamera yakho, kunokufuneka uthenge izixhobo ezikhethekileyo okanye amakhonkco iadaptha ukuze kufakwe indibano entsha yesivalo.

isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, ukuqonda iziseko ze-shutter kunye nezixhobo zayo kunokukunceda ukuba uthathe iifoto zakho ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula oko isantya sokuvala kunye nokuvula izakuba zizicwangciso ezimbini eziphambili ezilawula ukuvezwa, kunye isantya se-shutter kubaluleke kakhulu xa uthatha isenzo.

Ukulungelelanisa ezi setingi kuya kuchaphazela imiba eyahlukeneyo yeefoto zakho kunye nokusetyenzwa kwazo kwimveliso yasemva kunokuphucula ngakumbi imifanekiso yakho. Njengoko ufumana ukuziqhelanisa ngakumbi ekusebenziseni iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zekhamera yakho, unokuqhubeka nokuzama okwahlukileyo Izantya zokuvala kunye neendawo zokuvula ukufumana oko kusebenza kakuhle kumfanekiso ngamnye.

Molo, ndinguKim, umama kunye nomthandi we-stop-motion onemvelaphi kwindalo yemidiya kunye nophuhliso lwewebhu. Ndinothando olukhulu lokuzoba kunye noopopayi, kwaye ngoku ndintywila kuqala kwihlabathi le-stop-motion. Ngebhlog yam, ndabelana nawe ngokufunda kwam.