Ikhamera: Iyini Futhi Isebenza Kanjani?

ngo kim Kubuyekezwe: June 26, 2022

Isingeniso

Ikhamera iyinsimbi yokubona esetshenziselwa ukuthwebula izithombe ezimile noma ukurekhoda ukunyakaza ngohlaka olulodwa noma ukulandelana kwamafreyimu. Inelensi eqoqa ukukhanya futhi ikugxilise endaweni ezwela ukukhanya njenge ifilimu noma inzwa yesithombe sedijithali. Amakhamera asetshenziswa abathwebuli bezithombe, abenzi bamafilimu, nabanye ochwepheshe ukuze bathwebule izithombe zomhlaba obazungezile.

Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola iyini ikhamera futhi ukuthi isebenza kanjani.

Chaza Ikhamera

Ikhamera iyidivayisi ethwebula ukukhanya ukuze ikhiqize isithombe. Isebenza ngokwamukela ukukhanya entweni noma endaweni futhi ikugcine, njengesithombe sedijithali noma esithathwe ngokomzimba, endaweni efanelekile. Amakhamera asetshenziswa ama-lens ukugxilisa lokhu kukhanya kuzinzwa noma ifilimu ukuze urekhode isigameko.

Yize umqondo wokuthatha izithombe ulula, ubuchwepheshe obungemuva kwamakhamera buye bathuthuka futhi bathuthuka ngokumangalisayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusukela kumadivayisi amancane aphathwayo asetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuya kumakhamera edijithali asezingeni eliphezulu asetshenziswa ekuthwebuleni izithombe nabezindaba zokusakaza. Amakhamera asetshenziswa kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza zefreyimu emile kanye nezithombe ezihambayo, njengokwenza ifilimu.

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zanoma iyiphi ikhamera yesimanje zonke zisebenza ndawonye ukuze ziqophe izithombe:

• A Isistimu ye-lens iqoqa futhi igxilise ukukhanya okuvela esihlokweni kusizwa sesithombe esirekhoda ukukhanya kudatha yedijithali.
• An isibuko sokubuka esibonakalayo ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babone okuzorekhodwa.
• Izindlela hambisa ilensi noma ifilimu.
• Izinkinobho, izilawuli kanye nezilungiselelo zokuchayeka eziningi zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi balawule izilungiselelo zokuthwebula nokuchayeka.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhamera

amakhamera ziza ngezinhlobonhlobo zomumo nobukhulu. Ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwawo okuhlosiwe, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhamera ziyatholakala, kuhlanganisa ikhamera yedijithali, amakhamera evidiyo, amakhamera alahlwayo, amakhamera ewebhu namakhamera okuqapha.

Ikhamera yeDijimenti Ikhamera yedijithali ithwebula izithombe njengedatha (amafayela edijithali). Ngokuvamile iqukethe idivayisi yokuthwebula (inzwa) kanye nekhono lokugcina leyo datha kumemori khadi noma kwenye indawo yokugcina. Amakhamera edijithali ahlinzeka ngokutholakala kalula kanye nokuhlola kuqala izithombe kanye nekhono lokuzithumela nge-elekthronikhi ngenethiwekhi yekhompyutha noma i-inthanethi. Amamodeli wephoyinti nokudubula angaba mancane ngokwanele ukuthi angangena ephaketheni futhi anikeze amakhono okugxila ngokuzenzakalela kuyilapho ehlala engabizi kakhulu. Ngokusetshenziswa okuphrofeshinali, amamodeli aphezulu anezilawuli ezenziwa ngesandla phezu kokuchayeka ayatholakala futhi.

AmaKhamera wevidiyo Obeye aziwe njengo ama-camcorder noma amarekhodi evidiyo, le mishini iklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthwebula izithombe ezinyakazayo okuqoshwa kuzo umsindo kanye nemifanekiso. Imishini yobungcweti ihlanganisa amalensi okusebenza okuphezulu okucaciswa kahle, ububanzi bokusondeza obunwetshiwe namandla emiphumela ekhethekile enzelwe ukuqoqwa kwezindaba noma izinjongo zokwenza imuvi. Amamodeli amancane afaneleka kahle ukuthatha amamuvi asekhaya noma imisebenzi yokungcebeleka evamile enobude bebhethri obunwetshiwe.

Amakhamera Alahlwayo Lawa makhamera asebenzisa kanyekanye awadingi noma yiluphi uhlobo lomthombo wamandla - asebenza ngaphandle kwemithombo yamandla yangaphandle njengamabhethri noma ugesi wamapayipi - okuwenza adume kakhulu kubathengi abafuna enye indlela ebiza kancane yokuthwebula izinkumbulo ngaphandle kokudela ama-photoprints ekhwalithi. Lolu hlobo lwekhamera ngokuvamile lufika lulayishwe ngaphambili ngefilimu engakwazi ukususwa emzimbeni wekhamera oshiwo; uma wonke amathuba ezithombe esephelile bese lezi zisetshenziswa zilahlwa zisetshenziswe ngokuphelele lapho zicelwa umnikazi wazo okumvumela ukuthi avele azilahle lapho zingasadingeki/zingadingeki futhi.

Amakhamera Ewebhu Aziwa nangokuthi “amakhamera ewebhu” lawa masistimu wokuqopha amavidiyo edijithali anamathisela ngokuqondile ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ze-USB kumakhompuyutha aphathekayo/edeskithophu ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okujwayelekile komsebenzisi okufana nokusakazwa kwevidiyo ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nezithombe ezisamile ezithunyelwa ngqo kumasevisi weqembu lokusebenzisana njll.

Amakhamera Wokubhekisisa Okusakazeke kakhulu namuhla ezindlini, izibalo zomphakathi, izakhiwo zezakhiwo, izitolo, njll ngenxa yezinhlelo zokugada inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bedijithali manje sezinamazinga aphezulu okusebenza okunikeza abasebenzi bezokuphepha ubuhlakani obunembe mayelana nezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene ezivumela ukuvikela isinyathelo uma kudingeka. Ngokuvamile kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: I-analogue CCTV (I-Closed Circuit Television) esebenzisa ngokuyinhloko izintambo ezibonakalayo kuyilapho izixazululo zenethiwekhi ye-IP zisebenzisa amaphrothokholi ajwayelekile e-ethernet axhunywe kumanethiwekhi endawo ebanzi. Ifakwe ngaphakathi endlini ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezintshontsha ngokuzwela kakhulu zivumela ukugadwa kokurekhoda phakathi nezikhathi zasemini kanye nemijikelezo yesikhathi sasebusuku unomphela.

Izingxenye Eziyisisekelo Zekhamera

Ikhamera iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthwebula izinkumbulo nezikhathi ongazijabulela iminyaka ezayo. Amakhamera eza ngomumo nosayizi abaningi futhi wonke akhiwe izingxenye ezihlukene ezisebenza ndawonye ukwenza izithombe zakho zenzeke.

Ake sibheke izingxenye eziyinhloko zekhamera nokuthi basebenzisana kanjani ukuze bakhiqize izithombe ozithandayo:

Lens

Ilensi ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhamera. Ilensi empeleni iyiso lekhamera - ithatha isithombe bese igxilisa kuso ukwenza isithombe kufilimu noma inzwa yedijithali. Amalensi akhiwe ngezinto ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile enziwa ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki, ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zivumele ukukhanya kudlule futhi akhe isithombe esibukhali kufilimu noma inzwa yedijithali.

Amalensi ekhamera angasetshenziswa nezihlungi namakepisi ukulawula izimo zokukhanyisa futhi afake izici ezimbalwa ezifana nalezi i-autofocus, amandla okusondeza kanye nokulungiswa okwenziwa ngesandla. Amalensi azophinde abe nobude bokugxila obuhlukahlukene obunquma ukuthi ungaba kude kangakanani nesihloko ngenkathi uwathwebula. Osayizi abajwayelekile basukela 6mm super-fisheye lens ukuze uthole izithombe ze-hemispherical, kuze kube I-telephoto engu-600mm ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhulisa ngokwedlulele. Amalensi ahlukene azoba nezimbobo ezihlukene ezinquma ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okungena ngawo nokuthi ijubane lawo lingakanani i-shutter kufanele ihambe ukuze ukukhanya okwanele kushaye ifilimu yakho noma inzwa yedijithali.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamalensi atholakalayo kuhlanganise:

• I-angle ebanzi ama-lens
• I-Telephoto ama-lens
• Ukuma ngobude/okujwayelekile ama-lens
• Fisheye ama-lens
• Imakhro/micro ama-lens
• Shift/tilt-shift ama-lens
• Futhi okuningi okuningi izinketho ezikhethekile ezidizayinelwe izimo ezithile zokudubula.

Ukuvala

The i-shutter iwumshini ongaphakathi kwekhamera olawula ukuthi inzwa ekukhamera ibonakala isikhathi esingakanani ekukhanyeni. Amakhamera amaningi esimanje asebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-a i-shutter yemishini neye-elekthronikhi. Lokhu kusheshisa isikhathi esithathayo ukuze ikhamera yakho ithathe isithombe futhi kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukucija kwezithombe zakho, ikakhulukazi lezo ezithathwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okuphansi.

The i-shutter mechanical yakhiwe ngezinsimbi ezimbili zensimbi noma zepulasitiki ezisebenza ndawonye ukulawula ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okuvunyelwe ukudlula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Uma ucindezela inkinobho kukhamera yakho, lawa ma-blade avuleka, avumele ukukhanya ukuthi kungene ngelensi kanye nakwinzwa yesithombe. Lapho ukhulula inkinobho, lawa ma-blade ayavala futhi ukuze kungangeni ukukhanya.

The ishutha kagesi isebenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunozakwabo oyimishini ngoba ayisebenzisi noma yiziphi izingxenye zomzimba ukuze isebenze - esikhundleni salokho incike kumasiginali kagesi akhiqizwa ama-algorithms ekhompuyutha. Ngokusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwesivalo, kungenzeka ngamakhamera abe nezikhathi zokuchayeka ngokushesha kunangaphambilini – okukuvumela ukuthi uthwebule izigcawu ngezinga elikhulu lemininingwane nokucaca kunangaphambili!

Ngaphezu kokulawula isikhathi sokuchayeka, izivalo zingasetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo ezinjengokudala ukufiphala kokunyakaza noma okunye. imiphumela yokudala okungenakwenzeka uma uthatha izithombe ngamakhamera wefilimu wendabuko.

Imbobo

The ukuthambisa iyimbobo engxenyeni yomzimba wekhamera eyaziwa ngokuthi ilensi. Imbobo ilawula ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okudlulayo, futhi ingalungiswa umsebenzisi ukuze kwakhe isithombe esinokugqama okuphezulu noma okuphansi. Ubukhulu bembobo bungalinganiswa Izitobhi ze-F, ezinezinombolo ezincane ezibonisa izindawo zokuvula ezinkulu (okusho ukukhanya okwengeziwe). Ngokuvamile, i-lens ene-lens encane F-yeka inombolo ibizwa ngokuthi "fast,” ngoba ingavumela ukukhanya okwengeziwe kudlule ngokushesha kunamalensi anezitobhi eziphakeme zika-F.

Imbobo nayo iyathinta ukujula kwensimu - singakanani isithombe esibukhali futhi sigxile nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Imbobo enkulu (i-F-stop encane) izoholela ekujuleni kwenkambu engashoni kanti indawo encane (enkulu i-F-stop) izoveza ukujula okukhulu - okusho ukuthi uhlaka oluningi luzogxila ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe umphumela omuhle lapho kwakhiwa izingoma ezithakaselayo - isibonelo, ukwenza izifundo zihluke kusizinda sazo ngokuyikhipha ngaphandle kokugxilisa kuyo ingqondo, noma ngokuphambeneyo ngokuba nakho kokubili izici ezingaphambili nengemuva ezibukhali futhi zigxile.

inzwa

Ikhamera inzwa yesithombe umthombo wedivayisi wamandla okuthwebula ukukhanya. Noma iyiphi ikhamera yedijithali noma yefilimu izoba nayo. Ziza ngosayizi abahlukene, ukusuka izinzwa ezinkulu ezinozimele ogcwele ezinosayizi ofanayo nohlaka lwefilimu engu-35mm, ukuze izinzwa ezincane ubukhulu bozipho.

Umsebenzi wenzwa ukuguqula ukukhanya okungenayo kube amasignali kagesi ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucubungula. Empeleni, inzwa ithwebula ukukhanya futhi ikhiqize amandla kagesi e-analog okudingeka akhuliswe futhi aguqulwe abe isignali yedijithali ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa nokucutshungulwa.

Izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zenzwa yizo ama-photosites (eyedwa i-pixel kwinzwa) kanye nayo ama-microlens (ihlola ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okugxile ku-photosite ngayinye). Inhlanganisela yalezi zakhi ezimbili ivumela i-photosites ngayinye ukuthi ithwebule inani eliqondile lokukhanya ngaphambi kokuyithumela ukuze icutshungulwe ngokuqhubekayo. Leli nani liyahlukahluka kuye ngezinto ezifana nesivinini se-shutter, indawo yokuvula, ISO isilungiselelo njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhamera esimanje edijithali avame ukuza nohlobo oluthile ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa umsindo esiza ukususa ama-streak angahleliwe nama-smudges ezithombeni zedijithali ngaphambi kokuthi zilondolozwe noma zicutshungulwe ngokuqhubekayo. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenza ngokuhlaziya idatha yesithombe engenayo nokususa noma yiluphi ulwazi olungabalulekile oluthathwe izinzwa zekhamera - ukwenza kuphela. izithombe ezicacile ziyabonakala.

Isibukeli

Isitholi sokubuka ingenye yezingxenye eziyisisekelo zanoma iyiphi ikhamera futhi iyisisetshenziswa esisetshenziswa ukwenza ifreyimu yesithombe ngaphambi kokuthatha isithombe. Kungathatha izinhlobo eziningi, kusukela enguqulweni ye-optical elula ene-lens elula yokukhulisa nefasitela kuya kweye-elekthronikhi eyinkimbinkimbi eboniswa esikrinini se-LCD sekhamera.

Umsebenzi obalulekile wesitholi sokubuka ukusiza abathwebuli bezithombe bagcine izithombe zabo zigxile, ikakhulukazi lapho besebenza ezimeni eziphansi zokukhanya noma ngesivinini esiphansi sokuvala. Iphinde ivumele abathwebuli bezithombe ukuthi babhale isithombe sabo ngokunembile ngaphambi kokudubula, baqinisekise ukuthi bathwebula abakufunayo ekudutshulweni.

Uhlobo oluyisisekelo kakhulu lwesitholi sokubuka lunikeza iwindi lokubona noma ilensi encane evele ifake isigcawu esifiselekayo ngelensi eyinhloko yomzimba wekhamera. Lolu hlobo lwesitholi sokubuka lutholakala kumakhamera we-point-and-shoot kanye namanye amakhamera e-lens egxilile - kanye namakhamera ochwepheshe we-single-lens reflex (SLR) - futhi inikeza uhlobo oluyisisekelo lokufaka uzimele lwesihloko sakho ngokushesha nangokunembile.

Ifomu le-elekthronikhi, elaziwa ngokuthi i- i-electronic viewfinder (EVF), imiselela izinguqulo ezivamile ze-optical nalezo ezisebenzisa i-liquid crystal displays (LCDs) ukuze zibonise izithombe nge-elekthronikhi ngesistimu yeso yesibuko somzimba wekhamera. Izitholi zokubuka ze-elekthronikhi zinganikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile ngaphezu kozakwabo bendabuko njenge:

• Ukulungiswa okukhulisiwe
• Izilungiselelo ze-diopter ezilungisekayo
• Izilawuli zokunxeshezelwa okwakhelwe kuzo
• Izinsiza zokuqopha zezinhlobo ezithile zezithombe ezifana nomsebenzi omkhulu
• Amakhono athuthukisiwe okugxila ngokuzenzakalela ukuze uthole ukunemba okungcono kokulandelela into
• Amandla okubona ubuso - okuthile okutholakala kuphela kuma-SLR asezingeni eliphezulu edijithali
• Kanye nezinye izinzuzo eziningi ezingavamisile ukuhlotshaniswa nezinguqulo ze-optical.

Isebenza Kanjani Ikhamera?

Ikhamera iyidivayisi esetshenziselwa ukuthwebula nokuqopha izithombe, ngokuvamile ezisesimweni sedijithali. Kodwa isebenza kanjani ikhamera? Emongweni wayo, ikhamera isebenzisa indlela ukukhanya okubonakala ngayo ezintweni. Ithwebula lezi zibonisi futhi ikuhumushele esithombeni ngokusebenzisa inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamalensi, izihlungi, kanye nenzwa yedijithali.

Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwekhamera nokuthi ikwazi kanjani ukuthatha izithombe ezinhle:

Ukukhanya kungena kulensi

Ukukhanya kungena kukhamera nge-lens, okuwucezu lwengilazi noma ipulasitiki egobile ngokukhethekile ukuze igxilise imisebe yokukhanya futhi iyenze ihambisane. Isithombe esivezwa kwifilimu ngelensi sincike ezintweni ezimbili - i ubude obugxile futhi usayizi wokuvula. Ubude be-Focal inquma ukuthi into kumele ime eduze noma kude kangakanani ukuze igxile, kanti usayizi wokuvula inquma ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okudlula kulensi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Usayizi wenzwa yekhamera uzophinde uthinte ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya engathwebula - izinzwa ezinkulu zingathwebula ukukhanya okuningi kunezinzwa ezincane. Inzwa enkulu nayo ibalulekile uma ufuna izithombe zakho zibe nokujula kwenkambu engajulile, njengoba lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto okugxilwe kuzo kuphela ezibukhali kuyilapho noma yini engaphandle kwale ndawo ifiphale ukuze ukwazi ukugcizelela kangcono isihloko sakho.

Uma ukukhanya sekungene ngelensi futhi kugxiliswe kunzwa yesithombe noma ifilimu, lokhu kukhanya kuyabe sekushintshwa kube ulwazi olumayelana nombala, ukukhanya, nokugqama. Lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa ukwakha isithombe esakhiwe izigidi zamaphikseli (izakhi zesithombe) okuhlanganisa ukwakha isithombe esiphelele salokho esikubonayo.

Ukukhanya kudlula emgodini

Ukukhanya kudlula ukuthambisa, okuyimbobo eyenziwe kulens. Lokhu kuvumela ukukhanya ukuthi kufinyelele futhi kushaye lapho kulele khona inzwa yesithombe. I isichazamazwi kwembobo kusiza ukulawula ukuthi kuzongena ukukhanya okungakanani. Iqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona ukukhanya okwanele ukuze ikwazi ukucutshungulwa phezu kwenzwa yesithombe futhi iphinde isebenze njengendlela yokuphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziningi ezifiphale noma ezigxilile phakathi kweshothi zizoba ngakanani.

Amakhamera amaningi anocingo lokushintsha leli nani lokuvula, ukulinciphisa noma ukulikhulisa ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lomphumela olufunayo. Ngokusobala, uma ufuna ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukuthi kungene esithombeni sakho, vula inani lokuvula ngenkathi udala bokeh kunoma yini engekho ngaphakathi kwendawo okugxilwe kuyo kudinga ukuvala i-diaphragm ngaphezulu.

Ukukhanya kudlula bese kudlula kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi isihlungi sokuvimbela ukuxhopha futhi ungene kwinzwa yesithombe. Uma ukukhanya sekufike kule ngxenye yekhamera kushintsha isimo sibe amandla kagesi futhi sirekhode njengolwazi lwedijithali olunikeza isithombe sakho izinga lokushisa lombala nezilungiselelo ze-ISO ngokunembile ngokusekelwe ezimeni zakho zokudubula kanye nezinye izici ezithuthukisiwe kuye ngemodeli yekhamera yakho.

Ukukhanya kugxile kwinzwa

Uma ukukhanya kudlula ngelensi yekhamera, kukhombisa ngaphandle kwesihloko futhi kugxilwe kuyinzwa yekhamera yedijithali. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi 'ukuthwebula'. Inzwa iqukethe izigidi zamaphikseli amancane, azwela ukukhanya (noma ama-photosites) akhiwe ngama-silicon photodiode atholakala endaweni ngayinye yamaphikseli. Uma ukukhanya okwanele kuwela ku-pixel (noma i-photosite), kwakhiwa inkokhiso eguqulwa ibe isignali kagesi engacutshungulwa yikhompyutha. Ngokuya ngemodeli, lesi siginali izobe isiguqulelwa kulwazi olubonakalayo noma olulalelwayo ukuze ubukeke noma udlalwe.

Yonke i-photosite esenzweni yesithombe iqukethe iamplifier yayo, enyusa inani lobubanzi obuguqukayo kusuka kunoma iyiphi iphikseli eyodwa, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ikhwalithi yesithombe iyonke. Amanye amakhamera aphinde afake ama-algorithms okunciphisa umsindo njengengxenye yokwakheka kwawo, ukuze kuncishiswe amasiginali wamaphutha nokwandisa ukunemba kokuthwebula idatha.

Inombolo yamaphikseli kunzwa yesithombe idlala indima enkulu ekunqumeni ikhwalithi yesithombe; amaphikseli amaningi alingana nezithombe ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu, kuyilapho amaphikseli ambalwa ngokuvamile eholela ezithombeni ezinokulungiswa okuphansi ezinohlamvu oluningi nomsindo. Izinzwa ezinkulu ngokuvamile zingcono kunamancane futhi unikeza ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obuthuthukisiwe, ukusebenza okungcono kokukhanya okuphansi, nokujula kwenkambu okungajulile ukuze kube nemiphumela yokulawula yokugxila engajulile uma ifunwa.

I-shutter ivula futhi ivale

The i-shutter ikhethini elincane, elincanyana elivulekayo futhi livaleke, elivumela ukukhanya ukuthi kuqoshwe ikhamera ngesikhathi esimenyezelwe. I-shutter ilawula kokubili ukuthi ukukhanya kuzodlula isikhathi esingakanani futhi nini kunzwa yesithombe. Emakhamera edijithali, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamashutha: ezomzimba nezedijithali.

Amashutha Angokwenyama: Amashutha abonakalayo avula noma avale ngokuwashisisa, ngokuvamile ngezingxenyana zesekhondi, okudala ukuchayeka okuhlala isikhathi eside nje. Ivame ukutholakala ku I-DSLR amakhamera futhi afana nama-blade amabili angavulwa noma avalwe ngesandla noma ngogesi ukuze alawule ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okufinyelela ku-chip yokuthwebula yekhamera.

Izishutha Zedijithali: Amashutha edijithali asebenza ngendlela ehlukile kumashutha ayimishini njengoba engasebenzisi izithiyo ezibonakalayo ukuze avule ukukhanya - kunalokho kuthinte indlela ukukhanya okungenayo okutholwa ngayo ngogesi ngokuyivala ngokushesha ngemva kokuyithola isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Le nqubo idala ukuchayeka nge ubude besikhathi eside kunalokho obekungenzeka kusetshenziswa ishutha yomzimba kuphela. Izivalo zedijithali nazo zingavumela ikhwalithi yesithombe ethuthukisiwe ngenxa yokuthi azinazo izingxenye ezihambayo ezijwayele ukudala ukudlidliza okungafiphalisa isithombe uma sisetshenziswa isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Isithombe siyacutshungulwa futhi sigcinwe

Ngemuva kokuthi isithombe samukelwe umzimba wekhamera, sicutshungulwa i-electronics esebhodini ukuze silungiselele ukuthwebula nokugcinwa. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise imisebenzi ehlukahlukene efana ukukhipha i-demosacing, ukunciphisa umsindo, ukulungisa umbala nokusetha izilungiselelo zebanga eliguqukayo. Isithombe sibe sesigcinwa kumemori ngaphakathi noma ngaphakathi kwephrosesa yevidiyo yekhamera.

Okulandelayo, kuye ngohlobo lwekhamera esetshenzisiwe (i-analog noma idijithali), izithombe zigcinwa njengoba noma okungalungile kwefilimu noma amafayela edijithali. Kumakhamera we-analog, izithombe zirekhodwa njengesithombe sombala ongemuhle kumqulu wefilimu ogcinwe ngaphakathi komzimba wekhamera. Amakhamera edijithali agcina izithombe njengamafayela edijithali afana nama-JPEG noma ama-RAW angadluliselwa khona manjalo kumakhompyutha nakwamanye amadivaysi ngaphandle kokucubungula.

Amanye amakhamera anikezela ngezici ezithuthukile njenge ukulungiswa okwenziwa ngesandla kokuzwela kwe-ISO (ukuzwela ukukhanya), amandla okugxila okuzenzakalelayo, ukulawula ukuchayeka okwenziwa ngesandla ngisho nezikrini zokubonisa ukubuka bukhoma ezikuvumela ukuthi ubuyekeze ngokushesha ukwakheka kwesithombe kanye nezilungiselelo zokuchayeka ngaphambi kokuchofa inkinobho yokuvala. Amakhamera amaningi esimanje edijithali nawo asebenzisa eyakhelwe ngaphakathi Ubuchwepheshe be-Wi-Fi ngakho-ke izithombe zingabiwa kalula ku-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi wezokuxhumana.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, amakhamera ayithuluzi elihle lokuthwebula izinkumbulo nokuxoxa izindaba. Ubuchwepheshe babo obuyinkimbinkimbi busivumela ukuthi sithwebule futhi sigcine izithombe ebezingalahleka ngenxa yesikhathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumthwebuli wezithombe ochwepheshe noma usebenzisa ikhamera yakho njengento yokuzilibazisa, ukuqonda ukuthi ikhamera yakho isebenza kanjani yingxenye ebalulekile yokuthatha izithombe ezimangalisayo. Thatha isikhathi soku zijwayeze izici namakhono ekhamera yakho ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uthola okuningi kuyo.

Isifinyezo sezingxenye zekhamera nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ndawonye

Ukuthwebula izithombe sekungamakhulu eminyaka kukhona, kodwa amakhamera esimanje asebenza ngezindlela ebezingenzeki kwaze kwaba yintuthuko yakamuva kwezobuchwepheshe. Ingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi ikhamera yedijithali i ilensi egxilisa ukukhanya kusuka esihlokweni kuya kwinzwa yesithombe. Inzwa yesithombe iwuchungechunge lwezigidi zamancanyana izithonjana zezithombe (amaphikseli) okuguqula ukukhanya kube amasignali kagesi, ukuze isithombe sithathwe futhi sigcinwe njengedatha. Uma isignali isirekhodiwe, ingaphinde icutshungulwe iphrosesa yekhamera ukuze kuthuthukiswe imibala nokucijile ngaphambi kokuthi igcinwe njengefayela ledijithali.

Amakhamera amaningi abathengi namuhla anezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezithuthukisa ikhwalithi yezithombe zakho futhi zizenze zibukeke njengempilo. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Izindlela zokugxila ngokuzenzakalela
• Amashutha kagesi
• Amamitha okuchayeka
• Izinzwa zebhalansi ezimhlophe
• Amayunithi we-Flash
• Izithuthukisi zokuzwela ukukhanya okuphansi
• Amasistimu wokuzinzisa isithombe
• Bonisa izikrini ukuze uhlole kuqala izithombe zakho.

Zonke lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zenze izithombe zekhwalithi ephezulu ngokuvumelana nezilungiselelo zakho nezinto ozikhethayo lapho ucindezela inkinobho yokuvala.

Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ikhamera

Uma usebenzisa ikhamera, kunezinzuzo eziningi ezihlanganisa ukuthwebula izikhathi ezikhumbulekayo, ukuthwebula izithombe ezinyakazayo ukuze uxoxe indaba, ukudala umsebenzi wobuciko nokunye. Ukuthwebula izithombe ngekhamera yedijithali kungagcina izinkumbulo ngendlela amakhamera amafilimu endabuko angakwazi ngayo. Izithombe ezihambayo ezifana namavidiyo nazo ziyakwazi ukuthwebula izindaba, imicimbi noma izimo ngendlela izithombe ezimile okungenzeka zingakwazi ukuzenza. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ukuxoxa indaba, noma ukwenza izinkulumo zobuciko nokudala.

Amavidiyo aphinde avumele abadali ukuthi bazame ngama-engeli ahlukene nezithombe ukuze banikeze ucezu ukujula nokuthakasela okubonakalayo. Ukwengeza, amakhamera ahlinzeka ngenkululeko yokukhuluma ngokudala ngokusebenzisa amalensi ahlukene nezici ezifana nalezi izilungiselelo zokuchayeka nokulawula ibhalansi emhlophe. Abathwebuli bezithombe abathuthuke kakhulu banezinketho eziningi nakakhulu mayelana nokulawula izithombe zabo ezifana isilawuli sokuvula noma izilungiselelo zokudlula isikhathi okubavumela ukuthi bathwebule imininingwane eyingqayizivele engakwazi ukwenziwa ngesandla.

Okokugcina, amakhamera anikeza ithuba lokuvezwa kweciko ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka nezindlela zokuthwebula izihloko noma ngabe ukuma ngobude noma ukuma kwezwe nanoma yini enye umuntu ayikhethayo. Zonke lezi zinzuzo zihlangana ndawonye zidale ubuciko obukwazi ukuvusa imizwa kanye izinkumbulo zaphakade ngamakhamera edijithali.

Sawubona, nginguKim, umama kanye nomshisekeli we-stop-motion onesizinda ekudalweni kwemidiya nokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu. Nginothando olukhulu lokudweba nokugqwayiza, futhi manje sengingena ngekhanda emhlabeni onyakazayo. Ngebhulogi yami, ngabelana ngezifundo zami nani bafana.