Ikhamera: Yintoni kwaye isebenza njani?

ngo kim Ukuhlaziywa: Juni 26, 2022

intshayelelo

Ikhamera sisixhobo sokubona esisetyenziselwa ukubamba imifanekiso emileyo okanye ukurekhoda intshukumo kwisakhelo esinye okanye kulandelelwano lwezakhelo. Ine-lens eqokelela ukukhanya kwaye igxininise kumphezulu obuthathaka kukukhanya njenge ifilimu okanye inzwa yomfanekiso wedijithali. Iikhamera zisetyenziswa ngabafoti, abenzi beefilim, kunye nabanye abachwephesha ukufota imifanekiso yehlabathi elibangqongileyo.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola yintoni ikhamera kwaye Ingaba isebenza kanjani.

Chaza iKhamera

Ikhamera sisixhobo esibamba ukukhanya ukuvelisa umfanekiso. Isebenza ngokufumana ukukhanya kwinto okanye umboniso kwaye uyigcine, mhlawumbi njengomfanekiso wedijithali okanye othathwe ngokwasemzimbeni, kwindawo efanelekileyo. Iikhamera zisetyenziswa iilensi ukujolisa oku kukhanya kwizinzwa okanye ifilimu ukuze urekhode indawo.

Nangona umbono wokufota ulula, itekhnoloji esemva kweekhamera iphucukile kwaye yaphuhliswa ngokumangalisayo ngokuhamba kwexesha ukusuka kwizixhobo ezincinci eziphathwa ngesandla ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla ukuya kwiikhamera zedijithali eziphezulu ezisetyenziselwa ukufota kunye nosasazo lweendaba. Iikhamera zisetyenziswa kuzo zombini isakhelo kunye nosetyenziso lwemifanekiso eshukumayo, njengokwenza ifilim.

Amacandelo asisiseko ayo nayiphi na ikhamera yedijithali yangoku zonke zisebenza kunye ukurekhoda imifanekiso:

• A inkqubo yelensi iqokelela kwaye igxininise ukukhanya okubonakaliswe ngaphandle kwesihloko kwisivamvo somfanekiso esirekhoda ukukhanya kwidatha yedijithali.
• An imbonakalo yokujonga enombala ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba babone into eza kubhalwa.
• Iinkqubo hambisa ilensi okanye ifilimu.
• Amaqhosha, ulawulo kunye nesetingi zokuvezwa ezininzi zivumela abasebenzisi ukulawula ukubamba kunye noseto lokuvezwa.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeekhamera

IiKhamera zivela kwiimilo kunye nobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Ngokuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni kwabo injongo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhamera zikhoyo, kubandakanywa ikhamera yedijithali, iikhamera zevidiyo, iikhamera ezilahlwayo, iikhamera zewebhu kunye neekhamera zokucupha.

Ikhamera yamanani Ikhamera yedijithali ibamba imifanekiso njengedatha (iifayile zedijithali). Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe isixhobo sokucinga (inzwa) kunye nokukwazi ukugcina loo datha kwimemori khadi okanye enye indawo yokugcina. Iikhamera zedijithali zibonelela ngokufunyanwa lula kunye nokujongwa kwangaphambili kwemifanekiso kunye nokukwazi ukuyithumela nge-elektroniki ngenethiwekhi yekhompyuter okanye i-intanethi. Iimodeli zamanqaku kunye nokudubula zinokuba zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingene epokothweni kwaye zibonelela ngezakhono zokugxila ngokuzenzekelayo ngelixa zihlala zingabizi kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha, iimodeli eziphezulu eziphezulu ezinolawulo lwezandla phezu kokuvezwa ziyafumaneka ngokunjalo.

IiKhamera zeVidiyo Kwaziwa njenge iikhamera okanye iirekhoda zevidiyo, ezi zixhobo ziyilelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukufota imifanekiso eshukumayo ekurekhodwa kuyo isandi kunye nemifanekiso. Izixhobo zobuchwephesha zibandakanya iilensi zomgangatho ophezulu wokucaciswa okucokisekileyo, uluhlu olwandisiweyo lokusondeza kunye nesakhono seziphumo ezizodwa ezenzelwe ukuqokelelwa kweendaba okanye iinjongo zokwenza imuvi. Iimodeli ezincinci zikulungele kakuhle ukuthatha imuvi yasekhaya okanye imisebenzi yolonwabo ngokubanzi kunye nobude bebhetri obandisiweyo.

Iikhamera ezilahlwayo Ezi khamera zokusetyenziswa okukodwa azifuni naluphi na uhlobo lomthombo wamandla - zisebenza ngaphandle kwemithombo yamandla yangaphandle efana neebhetri okanye unikezelo lombane oyintloko-ezenza zidume kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi abafuna enye indlela yeendleko eziphantsi zokubamba iinkumbulo ngaphandle kokuncama kwiifotoprints ezisemgangathweni. Olu hlobo lwekhamera lufika lulayishwe kwangaphambili ngefilimu engenakususwa kumzimba wekhamera; nje ukuba onke amathuba efoto ecinyiwe ke ezi zixhobo ziyalahlwa zisetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo kumnini wazo zimvumela ukuba azilahle xa zingasafuneki/zingasafunwa kwakhona.

Iikhamera zewebhu Ikwaziwa ngokuba “ziikhamera zewebhu” ezi nkqubo zokurekhoda iividiyo zedijithali zincamathela ngokuthe ngqo nokuba ngamazibuko e-USB kwilaptop/kwidesktop yeekhompyuter ezibonelela ngemisebenzi yojongano lomsebenzisi onje ngexesha lokwenyani lokusasaza ividiyo kunye nokufota okuthunyelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkonzo zentsebenziswano yeqela njl.

Iikhamera zoPhononongo Ixhaphakile namhlanje ezindlini, kumanani oluntu, izakhiwo zezakhiwo, iindawo ezithengisayo, njl.njl ngenxa yenkqubo yokucupha inkqubela yetekhnoloji yedijithali ngoku inamanqanaba aphezulu okusebenza enika abasebenzi bokhuseleko ubukrelekrele obuchanekileyo malunga neziganeko ezahlukeneyo ezivumela isenzo sokukhusela ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili: I-analogue CCTV (iClosed Circuit Television) esebenzisa ubukhulu becala iingcingo zombane ngelixa izisombululo zenethiwekhi ye-IP zisebenzisa iiprothokholi eziqhelekileyo ze-ethernet ezidityaniswe kuthungelwano lwendawo ebanzi. Ifakwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngaphandle kosetyenziso lwangaphandle olu fakelo lunovakalelo oluphezulu luvumela ukurekhodwa kokurekhoda ngexesha lemini kunye nomjikelo wexesha lasebusuku ngokungenasiphelo.

Amalungu asisiseko eKhamera

Ikhamera sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokubamba iinkumbulo kunye namaxesha onokuwonwabela iminyaka ezayo. Iikhamera ziza ngeemilo ezininzi kunye nobukhulu kwaye zonke zenziwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo asebenza kunye ukwenza iifoto zakho zibe nokwenzeka.

Makhe sijonge iinxalenye eziphambili zekhamera kunye nendlela abasebenza kunye ngayo ukuvelisa iifoto ozithandayo:

ilenisi

Ilensi yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zekhamera. I-lens ngokuyinhloko iliso lekhamera - ithatha umfanekiso kwaye igxininise ukwenza umfanekiso kwifilimu okanye kwi-digital sensor. Iilensi zibandakanya izinto ezininzi, ezihlala zenziwe ngeglasi okanye iplastiki, ezisebenza kunye ukuvumela ukukhanya kudlule kwaye zenze umfanekiso obukhali kwifilimu okanye kwinzwa yedijithali.

Iilensi zekhamera zingasetyenziswa kunye nezihluzi kunye neekepusi ukulawula iimeko zokukhanya kwaye zikwabonisa iimpawu ezininzi ezifana i-autofocus, izakhono zoom kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemanuwali. Iilensi zikwabonisa ubude obahlukeneyo obubonisa ukuba umgama ongakanani nesihloko onokuthi ubenguwo ngelixa ufota. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo buqala ukusuka 6mm iilensi ze-super-fisheye yemifanekiso ye-hemispherical, ukuya kuthi ga 600mm telephoto kwizicelo zokwandisa kakhulu. Iilensi ezahlukeneyo ziya kuba nemingxuma eyahlukeneyo emisela ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya okungena kuzo kwaye ukukhawuleza kangakanani ezisisivalo kufuneka ihambe ukuze isixa esifanelekileyo sokukhanya sibethe ifilimu yakho okanye isivamvo sedijithali.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeelensi ezikhoyo kuquka:

• Indawo ebanzi iilensi
• Telephoto iilensi
• Umfanekiso/umgangatho iilensi
• UFisheye iilensi
• Makhro/micro iilensi
• Shift/tilt-shift iilensi
• Kwabanye abaninzi iinketho ezizodwa ezilungiselelwe iimeko zokudubula ezithile.

Shutter

The ezisisivalo yindlela engaphakathi kwikhamera elawula ukuba isivamvo esikwikhamera sivuleleke ekukhanyeni ixesha elingakanani. Uninzi lweekhamera zanamhlanje zisebenzisa indibaniselwano ye ishutha yoomatshini kunye ne-elektroniki. Oku kukhawulezisa ixesha elithathayo ukuze ikhamera yakho ithathe umfanekiso kwaye inceda ukuphucula ukubukhali kweefoto zakho, ngakumbi ezo zithathwe kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi.

The ishutha yoomatshini yenziwe ngeencakuba ezimbini zentsimbi okanye zeplastiki ezisebenza kunye ukulawula ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya okuvumelekileyo ukuba kudlule nangaliphi na ixesha. Xa ucofa iqhosha kwikhamera yakho, ezi blades ziyavuleka, zivumela ukukhanya ukuba kungene ngelensi nakwisivamvo somfanekiso. Xa ukhulula iqhosha, ezi blades ziyavala kwakhona ukuze kungabikho ukukhanya kuphinde kungene.

The isivalo sombane isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu kumlingane wayo womatshini kuba ayisebenzisi naziphi na iinxalenye zomzimba ukuze isebenze - endaweni yoko ixhomekeke kwimiqondiso ye-elektroniki eyenziwa yi-algorithms yekhompyuter. Ngokusebenzisa olu hlobo lwesivalo, kuyenzeka ukuba iikhamera zibe namaxesha okuvezwa akhawulezayo kunangaphambili-ekuvumela ukuba uthwebule imifanekiso enenqanaba elikhulu leenkcukacha kunye nokucaca kunangaphambili!

Ukongeza ekulawuleni ixesha lokuvezwa, izivalo zinokusetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo ezinjengokudala ukufiphala kwentshukumo okanye enye into. iziphumo zokudala ezingenakwenzeka xa uthatha imifanekiso ngeekhamera zefilimu zemveli.

ukuvuleka

The ukuthambisa ngumngxuma kwinxalenye yomzimba wekhamera eyaziwa ngokuba yi-lens. Imbobo ilawula ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya okudlulayo, kwaye kunokulungiswa ngumsebenzisi ukuze enze umfanekiso ophakamileyo okanye ophantsi. Ubungakanani bendawo yokuvula inokulinganiswa Indawo yokumisa i-F, ngamanani amancinci abonisa imingxuma emikhulu (ithetha ukukhanya okungakumbi). Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-lens enencinci F-yeka inombolo ibizwa ngokuba "ngokukhawuleza,” kuba inokuvumela ukukhanya okungakumbi kudlule ngokukhawuleza kuneelensi ezinezitophu eziphezulu zika-F.

Umngxuma wokuvula nawo uyachaphazela ubunzulu bendimi – ungakanani umfanekiso obukhali kwaye ugxile nangaliphi na ixesha. Imbobo enkulu (encinane ka-F-stop) iya kubangela ubunzulu bebala elingekho nzulu ngeli lixa isithuba esincinane (esikhulu i-F-stop) siya kuvelisa ubunzulu obukhulu – oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphezulu kwesakhelo siya kugxilwa ngaxeshanye. Oku kusenokusetyenziswa ukuba nesiphumo esihle xa kuyilwa iingoma ezinomdla - umzekelo, ukwenza izifundo zahluke kwimvelaphi yazo ngokuyiphosa ekugxininiseni, okanye ngokuchaseneyo ngokuba nemida yangaphambili kunye nemvelaphi ebukhali kwaye igxile.

woluvo

Ikhamera isivamvo somfanekiso ngumthombo wesixhobo samandla okubamba ukukhanya. Nayiphi na ikhamera yedijithali okanye yefilimu iya kuba nayo. Ziza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ukusuka izinzwa ezinkulu ezipheleleyo ezilingana nesakhelo sefilimu engama-35mm, ukuya izinzwa ezincinci ubukhulu bozipho lomnwe.

Umsebenzi wenzwa kukuguqula ukukhanya okungenayo kube ziimpawu zombane ukuze kuqhutyekwe phambili. Enyanisweni, i-sensor ibamba ukukhanya kwaye ivelise i-analog voltage ekufuneka ikhuliswe kwaye iguqulelwe kwisignali yedijithali ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa kunye nokusebenza.

Amacandelo amabini aphambili enzwa yeyo iifotosites (enye pixel kwinzwa) kunye nayo iilensi ezincinci (ujonga ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okugxininiswe kwifotosite nganye). Ukudityaniswa kwezi zinto zimbini kuvumela ifotosites nganye ukuba ibambe umlinganiselo othe ngqo wokukhanya ngaphambi kokuba ikuthumele ukuba iqwalaselwe ngakumbi. Esi sixa siyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nesantya sokuvala, indawo yokuvula, ISO isetingi njl.

Ukongeza, iikhamera zanamhlanje zedijithali zihlala ziza nolunye uhlobo itekhnoloji yokunciphisa ingxolo oko kunceda ukususa imivimbo engaqhelekanga kunye ne-smudges kwimifanekiso yedijithali ngaphambi kokuba igcinwe okanye iqhutywe phambili. Ubuchwephesha busebenza ngokuhlalutya idatha yemifanekiso engenayo kunye nokususa naluphi na ulwazi olungenamsebenzi olucholwe zizivamvo zekhamera - ukwenza kuphela. imifanekiso ecacileyo ebonakalayo.

Isixhobo sokubukela

Isikhangeli yenye yezinto ezisisiseko kuyo nayiphi na ikhamera kwaye sisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukufreyima umfanekiso phambi kokufota. Inokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka kolona guqulelo lulula lwe-optical kunye nelensi elula yokukhulisa kunye nefestile ukuya kweye-elektroniki entsonkothileyo eboniswa kwiscreen seLCD sekhamera.

Umsebenzi osisiseko wesikhangeli kukuncedisa abafoti ukuba bagcine iifoto zabo zijonge ngqo, ngakumbi xa besebenza kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi okanye ngesantya esisezantsi sokuvala. Ikwavumela abafoti ukuba babhale umfanekiso wabo ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokudubula, baqinisekise ukuba bayayibamba into abayifunayo kukudubula.

Olona hlobo lusisiseko somkhangeli lwazi lubonelela ngefestile yokubona okanye ilensi encinci eyenza nje isakhelo sendawo efunekayo kusetyenziswa ilensi yokuqala yomzimba wekhamera. Olu hlobo lokujonga lufumaneka kwi-point-and-shoot kunye nezinye iikhamera ze-lens-fixed-lens-kunye neekhamera ze-single-lens reflex (SLR) - kwaye zibonelela ngendlela eyisiseko yokuqulunqa umxholo wakho ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.

Ifomu ye-elektroniki, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- i-electronic viewfinder (EVF), ithatha indawo yeenguqulelo zemveli zamehlo ngezo zisebenzisa iziboniso zekristale elulwelo (LCDs) ukubonisa imifanekiso ngombane ngenkqubo yamehlo yesipili somzimba wekhamera. Ababoni be-elektroniki banokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ngaphezu koogxa babo bemveli abanje:

• Ukunyuswa kwesisombululo
• Iisetingi zediopta ezilungisekayo
• Eyakhelwe kulawulo lwembuyekezo yokuvezwa
• Izixhobo zokufaka i-embossing kwiintlobo ezithile zokufota ezifana nomsebenzi omkhulu
• Ukuphuculwa kwesakhono sokujolisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuchaneka kokulandela umkhondo ongcono
• Ubunakho bokubona ubuso-into efumaneka kuphela kwii-SLRs zedijithali eziphezulu
• Kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezininzi eziqhele ukunxulumana neenguqulelo zamehlo.

Isebenza Njani Ikhamera?

Ikhamera sisixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukufota nokurekhoda imifanekiso, ngokuqhelekileyo ikwimo yedijithali. Kodwa isebenza njani ikhamera? Embindini wayo, ikhamera isebenzisa indlela ukukhanya okubonakala ngayo kwizinto. Ibamba ezi zibonakaliso kwaye ziguqulelwe kumfanekiso ngokusebenzisa inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yeelensi, izihlungi, kunye ne-digital sensor.

Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga kwi ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwekhamera kunye nendlela ekwazi ngayo ukuthatha imifanekiso emihle:

Ukukhanya kungena kwilensi

Ukukhanya kungena kwikhamera nge-lens, isiqwenga seglasi okanye iplastiki egobileyo ukuze kugxilwe kwimitha yokukhanya kwaye iyenze ihambelane. Umfanekiso oboniswe kwifilimu nge-lens uxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini - i ubude obujolise kuko kwaye ubungakanani bokuvula. Ubude obujolisiweyo imisela ukuba into emayimele isondele okanye ikude kangakanani ukuze ibe kugxininiso, kanti ubungakanani bokuvula igqiba ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okudlula kwilensi ngexesha elinye.

Ubungakanani besivamvo sekhamera buya kuchaphazela ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya enokuthi kubambe - izinzwa ezinkulu zinokubamba ukukhanya okungaphezulu kunezinzwa ezincinci. Isivamvo esikhulu sikwabalulekile ukuba ufuna imifanekiso yakho ibe nobunzulu obunzulu bentsimi, njengoko oku kuthetha ukuba kuphela izinto ezigxininisiweyo zibukhali ngelixa nantoni na engaphandle kwale ndawo imfiliba ukuze ukwazi ukugxininisa ngcono isifundo sakho.

Nje ukuba ukukhanya kungene nge-lens kwaye kugxininiswe kwinzwa yomfanekiso okanye ifilimu, oku kukhanya kuyatshintshwa kube lulwazi malunga nombala, ukuqaqamba, kunye nokwahlukileyo. Olu lwazi lunokusetyenziselwa ukwenza umfanekiso owenziwe ngezigidi zeepixels (izinto zomfanekiso) ezidibene zenza umfanekiso opheleleyo wale nto siyibonayo.

Ukukhanya kudlula kwintunja

Ukukhanya kudlula kwi ukuthambisa, engumngxuma owenziwe kwilensi. Oku kuvumela ukukhanya ukufikelela kunye nokubetha apho inzwa yomfanekiso ilele. I isaci Umngxuma wokuvula unceda ekulawuleni ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya okuya kungena. Iqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukukhanya okwaneleyo ukuze ikwazi ukusetyenzwa ngaphezulu kwenzwa yomfanekiso kwaye iphinde isebenze njengendlela yokucebisa ukuba uninzi kangakanani na izinto eziluzizi okanye ekugxilwe kuzo ngaphakathi kodubulo.

Uninzi lweekhamera zinefowuni yokutshintsha eli xabiso lokuvula, ukulinciphisa okanye ukulinyusa ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lweziphumo ozifunayo. Ngokucacileyo, ukuba ufuna ukukhanya okungakumbi ukungena kukudubula kwakho, vula ixabiso lokuvula ngelixa udala bokeh kuyo nayiphi na into engekho ngaphakathi kwendawo yakho yokugxila kufuna ukuvala i-diaphragm ngakumbi.

Ukukhanya kudlula emva koko kudlule kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba isihluzo sokuthintela ilitha kwaye kwinzwa yomfanekiso. Nje ukuba ukukhanya kufikelele kweli candelo lekhamera kutshintsha indlela ibe ngamandla ombane kunye neerekhodi njengengcaciso yedijithali ebonelela ngomfanekiso wakho ubushushu bombala kunye nezicwangciso ze-ISO ngokuchanekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zakho zokudubula kunye nezinye iimpawu eziphambili ngokuxhomekeke kwimodeli yakho yekhamera.

Ukukhanya kugxile kwinzwa

Xa ukukhanya kudlula kwilensi yekhamera, kubonakalisa ngaphandle kwesihloko kwaye kugxininiswe kwisixhobo soluvo sekhamera yedijithali. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba 'kukubamba'. Isivamvo sinezigidi ze-microscopic, iipikseli ezilula ukukhanya (okanye iifotosite) ezenziwe ngesilicon photodiodes ezibekwe kwindawo nganye yepixel. Xa ukukhanya okwaneleyo kuwela kwi-pixel (okanye i-photosite), intlawulo yenziwa emva koko iguqulelwe kwisignali yombane enokuthi iqhutywe yikhompyutha. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimodeli, olu phawu luya kuguqulwa lube lulwazi olubonakalayo okanye oluvakalayo lokujongwa okanye lokudlala.

Yonke ifotosite kwisensom yomfanekiso iqulethe iamplifier yayo, eyonyusa isixa soluhlu oluguquguqukayo ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na ipikseli enye, ngaloo ndlela iphucula umgangatho womfanekiso uwonke. Ezinye iikhamera zikwabandakanya i-algorithms yokunciphisa ingxolo njengenxalenye yoyilo lwazo, ukunciphisa iimpawu zempazamo kunye nokwandisa ukuchaneka kokubanjwa kwedatha.

Inani leepixels kwi-sensor yomfanekiso lidlala indima enkulu ekumiseleni umgangatho wesithombe; iipikseli ezininzi zilingana nemifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu, ngelixa ii-pixels ezimbalwa zikhokelela kwimifanekiso esonjululwe esezantsi enoziinkozo kunye nengxolo. Izinzwa ezinkulu zingcono ngokubanzi kunezincinci kwaye zinikezela ngoluhlu oluguquguqukayo oluphuculweyo, ukusebenza ngcono kokukhanya okuphantsi, kunye nobunzulu obunzulu bebala leziphumo zolawulo logqaliselo olungenzulu xa lufunwa.

Isivalo siyavula sivale

The ezisisivalo ngumkhusane omncinci, obhityileyo ovula kwaye uvale, ovumela ukukhanya ukuba kubhalwe yikhamera ngexesha elibhengeziweyo. Isivalo silawula zombini ukuba ukukhanya kuya kudlula ixesha elingakanani kwaye nini ukuya kwinzwa yomfanekiso. Kwiikhamera zedijithali, kukho iindidi ezimbini zezivalo: ezomzimba kunye nedijithali.

Iishutha zoMzimba: Izivalo zomzimba zivula okanye zivale ngoomatshini, rhoqo ngamaqhezu omzuzwana, zenza utyhileko oluhlala ixesha elide. Ifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kwi DSLR iikhamera kwaye zifana neencakuba ezimbini ezinokuvulwa okanye zivalwe ngesandla okanye nge-elektroniki ukuze kulawuleke ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya okufikelela kwi-chip yokufota yekhamera.

Iishutha zeDijithali: Izivalo zeDijithali zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwizivalo ezingoomatshini njengoko zingasebenzisi zithintelo ezibonakalayo ukuze kukhanye- endaweni yoko kuchaphazela indlela ukukhanya okungenayo okufunyanwa ngayo ngombane ngokuyicima ngokukhawuleza emva kokuyibhaqa kangangexesha elithile. Le nkqubo idala i-exposure nge ixesha elide kunoko kunokwenzeka usebenzisa isivalo somzimba sodwa. Izivalo zeDijithali zinokuvumela umgangatho ophuculweyo womfanekiso ngenxa yokuba ayinazo iindawo ezihambayo ezithanda ukubangela ukungcangcazela okunokuthi kufiphale umfanekiso ukuba kusetyenziswe ixesha elide.

Umfanekiso usetyenziwe kwaye ugcinwe

Emva kokuba umfanekiso ufunyenwe ngumzimba wekhamera, ucutshungulwa yi-electronics ebhodini ukulungiselela ukufotwa kunye nokugcinwa. Oku kunokubandakanya imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo efana idemosacing, ukunciphisa ingxolo, ukulungiswa kombala kunye nokusetwa koluhlu oluguquguqukayo. Umfanekiso ugcinwa kwimemori okanye ngaphakathi kwiprosesa yevidiyo yekhamera.

Okulandelayo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwekhamera esetyenzisiweyo (i-analog okanye idijithali), iifoto zigcinwa njengenye ifilimu engalunganga okanye iifayile zedijithali. Kwiikhamera ze-analog, iifoto zirekhodwa njengefoto yombala ongalunganga kumqulu wefilimu ogcinwe ngaphakathi kumzimba wekhamera. Iikhamera zedijithali zigcina iifoto njengeefayile zedijithali ezifana neeJPEG okanye ii-RAW ezinokuthi zidluliselwe ngokukhawuleza kwiikhomputha kunye nezinye izixhobo ngaphandle kokucubungula.

Ezinye iikhamera zinika iimpawu eziphambili ezifana uhlengahlengiso lwezandla lwe-ISO ubuntununtunu (ubuntununtunu bokukhanya), ukukwazi ukugxila ngokuzenzekelayo, ulawulo lokuvezwa ngesandla kunye nezikrini zokubonisa imbonakalo ephilayo ekuvumela ukuba uphonononge kwangoko ukwenziwa kweefoto kunye nesetingi zokuvezwa phambi kokucofa iqhosha lokuvala. Iikhamera ezininzi zale mihla nazo zisebenzisa eyakhelwe ngaphakathi Itekhnoloji yeWi-Fi ngoko imifanekiso inokwabelwana ngokulula kwi-intanethi ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yemidiya yoluntu.

isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, iikhamera sisixhobo esihle sokubamba iinkumbulo kunye nokubalisa amabali. Itekhnoloji yabo entsonkothileyo isivumela ukuba sibambe kwaye sigcine imifanekiso ebinokulahleka ngexesha. Nokuba ungumfoti oqeqeshiweyo okanye usebenzisa ikhamera yakho njengento yokuzonwabisa, ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ikhamera yakho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthatha iifoto ezimangalisayo. Thatha ixesha lokuba ziqhelanise neempawu zekhamera yakho kunye nesakhono ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana okuninzi kuyo.

Isishwankathelo samalungu ekhamera kunye nendlela asebenzisana ngayo

Ukufota bekukho kangangeenkulungwane, kodwa iikhamera zale mihla zisebenza ngendlela ebingenakwenzeka de kwabakho inkqubela yakutshanje kubugcisa. Icandelo eliphambili kuyo nayiphi na ikhamera yedijithali yi ilens egxininisa ukukhanya ukusuka kwintloko ukuya kwisivamvo somfanekiso. Isivamvo somfanekiso luluhlu lwezigidi ezincinci ii-photo-detectors (pixels) eziguqula ukukhanya zibe ziimpawu zombane, ukuze umfanekiso unokubanjwa kwaye ugcinwe njengedatha. Nje ukuba isignali irekhodwe, inokuqhutyelwa phambili yiprosesa yekhamera ukwandisa imibala kunye nokubukhali ngaphambi kokuba igcinwe njengefayile yedijithali.

Uninzi lweekhamera zabathengi namhlanje zinezinye izinto ezininzi eziphucula umgangatho weefoto zakho kwaye zizenze zibukeke zifana nobomi. Ezi ziquka:

• Iinkqubo zokugxila ngokuzenzekelayo
• Izivalo ze-elektroniki
• Iimitha zokuvezwa
• Izinzwa zokulinganisela ezimhlophe
• Iiyunithi ezikhanyayo
• Izincedisi zobuntununtunu obuphantsi
• Iinkqubo zokuzinzisa umfanekiso
• Bonisa izikrini ukujonga iifoto zakho.

Zonke ezi zinto zibalulekileyo zisebenza kunye ukwenza imifanekiso ekumgangatho ophezulu ngokwesetingi zakho kunye nezinto ozikhethayo xa ucofa iqhosha lokuvala.

Iingenelo zokusebenzisa ikhamera

Xa usebenzisa ikhamera, kukho izibonelelo ezininzi ezibandakanya ukubamba amaxesha angalibalekiyo, ukuthatha imifanekiso eshukumayo ukubalisa ibali, ukwenza umsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nokunye. Ukuthatha iifoto ngekhamera yedijithali kunokugcina iinkumbulo ngendlela iikhamera zefilimu zemveli ezingenako. Imifanekiso eshukumayo efana neevidiyo nayo iyakwazi ukubamba amabali, iziganeko okanye iimeko ngeendlela ezinokuthi iifoto zibe zingakwazi. Oku kungasetyenziselwa ukubalisa amabali, okanye intetho yobugcisa kunye nobuchule.

Iividiyo zikwavumela abadali ukuba bazame ngee-engile ezahlukeneyo kunye neeshoti ukunika isiqwenga ubunzulu kunye nomdla wokubonwayo. Ukongeza, iikhamera zibonelela ngenkululeko yokubonakalisa ngokuyilayo ngokusetyenziswa kweelensi ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezinje useto lwe-exposure kunye nokulawula ibhalansi emhlophe. Abafoti abaphambili ngakumbi banokhetho oluninzi malunga nokulawula imifanekiso yabo njenge ulawulo lokuvula okanye useto lokudlula ixesha eyenza ukuba bathathe iinkcukacha ezizodwa ezingenakwenziwa ngesandla.

Okokugqibela, iikhamera zibonelela ngokubonisa igcisa ngokuqulunqa kunye nobuchule bokufota izifundo nokuba yimizobo okanye imbonakalo yomhlaba okanye nayiphi na enye into ayikhethayo. Zonke ezi zibonelelo zidibana kunye nokudala ubugcisa obukwazi ukuvusa iimvakalelo kunye iinkumbulo ezingunaphakade ngeekhamera zedijithali.

Molo, ndinguKim, umama kunye nomthandi we-stop-motion onemvelaphi kwindalo yemidiya kunye nophuhliso lwewebhu. Ndinothando olukhulu lokuzoba kunye noopopayi, kwaye ngoku ndintywila kuqala kwihlabathi le-stop-motion. Ngebhlog yam, ndabelana nawe ngokufunda kwam.